BODY CAVITIES Cranial Thoracic pleural pericardial Spinal Abdominal Pelvic

DIRECTIONAL TERMS Ventral (Anterior) Pertaining to front Dorsal (Posterior) Pertaining to back Superior Pertaining to above the heart Inferior Pertaining to below the heart

DIRECTIONAL TERMS Medial Pertaining to the midline Lateral Pertaining away from the midline Proximal Situated closer to the point of attachment, located nearer to the body Distal Situated farther away from the point of attachment

ANATOMICAL PLANES Sagittal Divides the body into unequal right and left halves Mid-Sagittal Divides the body into equal right and left halves Frontal (coronal) Divides body into anterior and posterior (front and back) parts Transverse Divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior)

H OW ARE LIVING THINGS ORGANIZED ? Atoms Smallest chemical units Molecules Group of atoms working together Organelles Group of molecules working together Cells Group of organelles working together Tissues Group of cells working together

H OW ARE LIVING THINGS ORGANIZED ? Organs Group of different tissues working together Organ systems Group of organs working together Organism An individual List the 11 organ systems List the organs associated with the organ system List the overall function of the Organ System

Cardiovascular Transports material from one part of the body to another, defense against disease Digestive Ingests and digests (mechanical and chemical) food, absorbs nutrients Endocrine Regulates metabolic activity and body chemistry Integumentary Covers and protects body, regulates temperature Lymphatic Returns tissue fluid to blood, defense against disease Muscular Movement, maintains posture, provides heat

Nervous Co-ordinates body activities, receives / transmits information Reproductive Forms new individuals to provide continuation of the species Respiratory Exchange of gases between blood and external environment Urinary Excretes metabolic wastes; regulates fluid balance Skeletal Provides framework and support; attaches muscles to bone; supplies Ca storage

All the organs of the body were having a meeting, trying to decide who was the one in charge. "I should be in charge," said the brain, "Because I run all the body's systems, so without me nothing would happen.“ "I should be in charge," said the blood, "Because I circulate oxygen all over so without me you'd all waste away.“ "I should be in charge," said the stomach," Because I process food and give all of you energy.“ "I should be in charge," said the legs, "because I carry the body wherever it needs to go."

"I should be in charge," said the eyes, "Because I allow the body to see where it goes." "I should be in charge," said the rectum, "Because I'm responsible for waste removal." All the other body parts laughed at the rectum And insulted him, so in a huff, he shut down tight. Within a few days, the brain had a terrible headache, the stomach was bloated, the legs got wobbly, the eyes got watery, and the blood Was toxic. They all decided that the rectum should be the boss. The Moral of the story? Even though the others do all the work…… The asshole is usually in charge.

V ERTEBRATES - GENERAL TAXONOMY Kingdom Animalia: Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic No cell wall

V ERTEBRATES - GENERAL TAXONOMY Phylum Chordata Notochord firm flexible rod supporting body usually replaced with a backbone Dorsal nerve cord 3 tissue layers: Endoderm becomes digestive tract Mesoderm becomes muscle, bone, circulatory Ectoderm becomes skin, nerve endings

V ERTEBRATES - C HORDATE TAXONOMY Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm Coelom

V ERTEBRATES - C HORDATE TAXONOMY Deuterostomate anus forms first Coelomate space within mesoderm for organs Pharynx with gill slits Post anal tail

L IFE C YCLE OF A L EOPARD F ROG Leopard frog life cycle

midsectional views top viewside view Organs increase in size and gradually assume specialized functions. Eggs form and mature in female reproductive organs, and sperm form and mature in male reproductive organs. A sperm and an egg fuse at their plasma membrane, then the nucleus of one fuses with the nucleus of the other to form the zygote. By a series of mitotic cell divisions, different daughter cells receive different regions of the egg cytoplasm. Cell divisions, migrations, and rearrangements produce two or three primary tissues, the forerunners of specialized tissues and organs. Subpopulations of cells are sculpted into specialized organs and tissues in prescribed spatial patterns at prescribed times. Gamete formation Fertilization Cleavage Gastrulation Organ Formation Growth, tissue Specilazation

frog egg Gamete Formation Fertilization Cleavage Gastrulation midsectional views top viewside view Organ Formation Growth, Tissue Specialization

V ERTEBRATES - GENERAL TAXONOMY Subphylum Vertebrata Vertebrae surrounding spinal cord Notochord in all embryonic stages 2 sets of paired appendages Closed circulatory system Gills or lungs for breathing Hox (homeobox) gene complex A group of genes that control differentiation during embryonic development

A NIMAL C LADOGRAM

V ERTEBRATE C LADOGRAM

Have jaws

Skeleton of bone

Lobe fins

Paired Limbs

Amniote eggs

M INERALIZED TISSUES Vertebrates have 3 main types: a. bone b. dentine calcareous (calcium carbonate) material harder and denser than bone c. enamel