Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Respiration vs. Respiration  Cellular Respiration is the utilization of O 2 and the production of CO 2 at the cellular level in the process of making energy (ATP).  Respiration is gas exchange between the atmosphere and body cells.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of the Respiratory System  Gas exchanges between the blood and external environment  Occurs in the alveoli of the lungs  Passageways to the lungs purify (cleanse), humidify (moisten), and warm the incoming air

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organs of the Respiratory System  Nose  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  Lungs—alveoli

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organs of the Respiratory System  Pharynx – passageway for food from the mouth to the esophagus  Larynx – conducts air in and out of the trachea  Responsible for voice production  Trachea – C-shaped hyaline cartilage that makes a flexible tube in front of the esophagus  Air passageway AKA “windpipe”

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organs of the Respiratory System Figure 13.1

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nose  Only externally visible part of the respiratory system  Air enters the nose through the external nostrils (external nares)  Interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a nasal septum

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity  Lateral walls have projections called conchae  Fleshy lobes that increase surface area  Palate separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity  Anterior hard palate (bone)  Posterior soft palate (muscle)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Respiratory Tract – Label page 1 Figure 13.2

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses  Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity are called sinuses  Sinuses are located in the following bones:  Frontal bone  Sphenoid bone  Ethmoid bone  Maxillary bone

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Respiratory Tract—Paranasal Sinuses - Page 1 Figure 13.2

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pharynx (Throat)  Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx  Three regions of the pharynx  Nasopharynx —superior region behind nasal cavity  Oropharynx —middle region behind mouth  Laryngopharynx —inferior region attached to larynx

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Respiratory Tract: Pharynx - Label page 1 Figure 13.2

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Larynx (Voice Box)  Routes air and food into proper channels  Plays a role in speech  Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage called the epiglottis

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of the Larynx  Thyroid cartilage  Largest of the hyaline cartilages  AKA Adam’s apple  Epiglottis  Routes food to esophagus & air toward trachea  When swallowing, the epiglottis rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx  Vocal folds (true vocal cords)  Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)  Glottis —opening between vocal cords (lumen of the larynx)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Esophagus & Trachea  Esophagus  Food passageway posterior to the trachea  Trachea  Four-inch-long air passageway that connects larynx with bronchi  Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage  Lined with ciliated mucosa that beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air  Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Respiratory Tract: Larynx - Label page 1 Figure 13.2

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Trachea (Windpipe) Figure 13.3a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Trachea (Windpipe) Figure 13.3b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Main (Primary) Bronchi  Formed by division of the trachea  Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left  Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Main Bronchi Figure 13.1

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lungs  Occupy most of the thoracic cavity  Heart occupies central portion called mediastinum  Apex is near the clavicle (top portion of lung)  Base rests on the diaphragm (bottom portion)  Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures  Left lung —two lobes  Cardiac impression from the heart apex  Right lung —three lobes  Larger of the two lungs

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lungs Figure 13.4a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Main Bronchi Figure 13.4b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Coverings of the Lungs  Serosa covers the outer surface of the lungs  Visceral pleura covers the lung surface  Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity  Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding  These two pleural layers resist being pulled apart

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lungs Figure 13.4a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions  All but the smallest of these passageways have reinforcing cartilage in their walls  Primary bronchi  Secondary bronchi  Tertiary bronchi  Terminal bronchioles  Respiratory Bronchioles  Smallest of the respiratory passageways

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Page 4 – Label & color

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Zone  Structures  Respiratory bronchioles  Alveolar ducts  Alveolar sacs  Alveoli (air sacs)  Site of gas exchange in the lungs = Alveoli

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions Figure 13.5a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions Figure 13.5b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier)  Alveolar Epithelium  Thin squamous layer that lines alveolar walls  Pulmonary capillaries cover external surfaces of alveoli  On one side of the membrane is air and on the other side is blood flowing past

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Figure 13.6 (2 of 2)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gas Exchange  Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by diffusion  Oxygen enters the blood  Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli  Alveolar macrophages (“dust cells”) add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris  Surfactant  Fluid that coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces  This reduces surface tension in the lungs to prevent alveolar collapse between breaths

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Figure 13.6 (1 of 2)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Page 3 – Label & color

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nonrespiratory Air (Gas) Movements Table 13.1

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pathway of oxygen through respiratory system  External nares (nostrils)  Nasal cavity  Nasopharynx  Oropharnyx  Laryngopharynx  Glottis  Trachea  Primary/Main bronchus  Secondary bronchus

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pathway of oxygen through respiratory system  Tertiary bronchus  Bronchiole  Terminal bronchiole  Respiratory bronchiole  Alveolus  Erthyrocyte (red blood cell)