Starter Which can lead to the depletion of the ozone layer on the earth? a) a)Coal-fired power plants b) b)Vehicle exhaust c) c)Burning compost d) d)Aerosols How does heat from the sun get to the Earth? a) a)By radiation, using electromagnetic waves to transfer the heat b) b)By convection, using liquids and gases to transfer the heat c) c)By conduction, using solids to transfer the heat d) d)By absorption, using primary waves to transfer the heat Which would produce the most severe earthquake damage along the surface of Earth? a) a)An earthquake with a deep focus and a magnitude of 2.5 b) b)An earthquake with a shallow focus and a magnitude of 2.5 c) c)An earthquake with a deep focus and a magnitude of 4.5 d) d)An earthquake with a shallow focus and a magnitude of 4.5

Starter 1.Which most likely occurs when a fast-moving cold air mass moves into a region of warmer, moist air? a.It causes light precipitation for a long period of time. b.It causes light precipitation for a short period of time. c.It causes heavy precipitation for a long period of time. d.It causes heavy precipitation for a short period of time. 2.How is climate different from weather? a.Climate is constantly changing, whereas weather changes slowly over time. b.Climate influences peoples daily activities, whereas weather influences peoples seasonal activities. c.Climate refers to atmospheric conditions on a given date, whereas weather refers to the atmospheric conditions during a given season. d.Climate is based on observations made for a region over several years, whereas weather is based on day-to-day observations for a region. 3.Lake-effect snow is associated with a(n) a.mP air mass b.mT air mass c.cP air mass d.cT air mass 4.A thunderstorm is most intense during its a.Cumulus stage b.Mature stage c.Wave stage d.Dissipating stage

Starter 1.What is a Hurricane? 2.When a hurricane reaches land, its intensity decreases as the result of a.Increase in pressure and temperature b.Lack of cold, dry air to fuel the storm c.Successive updrafts into the eye wall d.Friction and the lack of warm, moist air 3.The eye of a hurricane a.Has the greatest wind speeds b.Is warmer than the rest of the storm c.Experiences high pressures d.Is responsible for heavy precipitation 4.What is the name of the scale used to determine the intensity of a tornado?

Starter 1.Name the different types of air masses that impact the weather in the U.S. 2.Describe the difference between a “watch” and a “warning”. 3.True/False Tornadoes can have multiple vortexes. 4.What are the names of the vertical winds that cause tornadoes to form?

Objectives P. 60 Describe how latitude affects climate Describe how elevation and mountain ranges affect climate Describe how large bodies of water affect climate Describe how global winds affect climate Describe how vegetation affects climate

Chapter 21 Climate Temperature and precipitation are the two most important elements of climate. These can be affected by latitude, elevation, topography, large bodies of water, global winds, and vegetation.

21.1 Factors That Affect Climate  Latitude As latitude increases, the intensity of solar energy decreases. The tropical zone is between 23.5 o north (the tropic of Cancer) and 23.5 o south (the tropic of Capricorn) of the equator. The sun’s rays are most intense and the temperatures are always warm. The temperate zones are between 23.5 o and 66.5 o north and between 23.5 o and 66.5 o south of the equator. The sun’s rays strike Earth at a smaller angle than near the equator.

 Latitude Polar zones are between 66.5 o north and south latitudes and the poles. The sun’s rays strike Earth at a very small angle in the polar zones Factors That Affect Climate

Earth’s Major Climate Zones Figure A Solar energy striking Earth’s surface near the poles is less intense than radiation striking near the equator. Figure B Earth can be divided into three zones based on these differences in incoming solar radiation.

Climate Data for Two Cities This climate graph shows data for two cities in Arizona. Phoenix has an elevation of 338 meters (1109 feet). Flagstaff has an elevation of 2134 meters (7001 feet). How does elevation affect annual temperatures and precipitation? Elevation provides for more precipitation and lower temperatures in this example.

21.1 Factors That Affect Climate  Elevation Elevation is the height above sea level. The higher the elevation is, the colder the climate.

21.1 Factors That Affect Climate  Topography Topographic features such as mountains play an important role in the amount of precipitation that falls over an area.

The Rain Shadow Effect Mountains influence the amount of precipitation that falls over an area. What happens to humid air as it is blown up the windward side of the mountains? What is the air like when it reaches the other side of the leeward side of the mountain? What does the term “rain shadow” mean? It cools, forming clouds. Very dry It refers to an area that rain cannot reach.

21.1 Factors That Affect Climate  Water Bodies Large bodies of water such as lakes and oceans have an important effect on the temperature of an area because the temperature of the water body influences the temperature of the air above it.  Atmospheric Circulation Global winds are another factor that influences climate because they distribute heat and moisture around Earth.

21.1 Factors That Affect Climate  Vegetation © Vegetation can affect both temperature and the precipitation patterns in an area. © Vegetation influences how much of the sun’s energy is absorbed and how quickly this energy is released. This affects temperature. © During a process called transpiration, plants release water vapor from their leaves into the air. This affects precipitation.

FactorEffect(s) on climate 1. 1.Latitude 2. 2.Elevation 3. 3.Topography 4. Water bodies 5. Global Wind 6. Vegetation Climate gets cooler as latitude increases Climate gets cooler as elevation increases Windward sides of mountains are wet; leeward sides are dry Places downwind of large water bodies have cooler summers and milder winters Global winds influence climate by distributing heat and moisture Vegetation can moderate temperature and increase precipitation Page 60

P. 606 Complete the Exploration Lab Human Impact on Climate and Weather Complete the Analyze and Conclude questions 1-11 DO NOT write the question only the answer # 3 & # 8 Calculation. Whole(total) – Part = change(difference) change /whole x 100 = %