First Six Weeks Exam Review

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Presentation transcript:

First Six Weeks Exam Review

What is Psychology?

Psychology: the study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in a specific context.

What are the Goals of Psychology? Chapter 1 Section 1 (p. 7-13)

Description Explanation Prediction Influence

Which Goal? A psychologist develops a hypothesis, or an assumption about behavior that will be tested through scientific research.

Prediction

Which Goal? A psychologist takes careful notes on the behavior of rats as they complete a maze.

Description

Which Goal? Behavioral psychologists develop a theory that the environment and not emotion or cognitive processes are what influence human behavior.

Explanation

Which Goal? The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services develops MyPlate.gov to provide tips for healthy eating for both kids and adults.

Influence

History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2 (p. 14-16) Historical Approaches: Phrenology Dualism Structuralism Functionalism

Phrenology Shape of the head directly affects intellect and behavior. Pseudoscience justified racism and imperialism.

Dualism The mind is separate from the brain and body.

Structuralism first modern school of psychology focused on breaking down mental processes into basic parts.

Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener divided consciousness into sensations, images and affections (emotions related to sensory images).

Functionalism The study of how animals and humans adapt to their environments. Study of the function (rather than structure) of consciousness and of human behavior.

Functionalism William James (1842 – 1910) “Father of psychology” in the United States Proponent of functionalism.

Contemporary Approaches Chapter 1 Section 2 (p. 17-22) Study your chart!

Contemporary Approaches Which Approach is described? Psychoanalytic Behavioral Humanistic Cognitive Biological Sociocultural

Which Approach? Events in the environment (rewards and punishments) influence our behavior.

Behavioral Events in the environment (rewards and punishments) influence our behavior.

Which Approach? Unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior.

Psychoanalytic Unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior.

Which Approach? Sigmund Freud Carl Jung

Psychoanalytic Sigmund Freud Carl Jung

Which Approach? Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson B.F. Skinner

Behavioral Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson B.F. Skinner

Which Approach? Each person has freedom in determining their future. Individual choices influence behavior.

Humanistic Each person has freedom in determining their future. Individual choices influence behavior.

Which Approach? Physical and chemical changes (biological factors) in our bodies influence behavior.

Biological Physical and chemical changes (biological factors) in our bodies influence behavior.

Which Approach? Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Rollo May

Humanistic Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Rollo May

Which Approach? How humans process, store and retrieve information influences their behavior.

Cognitive How humans process, store and retrieve information influences their behavior.

Which Approach? Jean Piaget Noam Chomsky

Cognitive Jean Piaget Noam Chomsky

Which Approach? Ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status influence human behavior.

Sociocultural Ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status influence human behavior.

Research Methods Chapter 2 Section 1 (p. 35-41) Study your lecture notes!

Research Terms to Know an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

Research Terms to Know Theory

Research Terms to Know a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Research Terms to Know Hypothesis

Research Terms to Know retesting the same subjects over many years

Research Terms to Know Longitudinal Study

Research Terms to Know comparing a variety of subjects at one time

Research Terms to Know Cross-sectional Study

Types of Research Naturalistic Observation Case Study Survey Experiment

Which Type of Research? The investigator manipulates variables

Which Type of Research? Experiment

Which Type of Research? One person is studied in depth.

Which Type of Research? Case Study

Which Type of Research? Observing and recording behavior without trying to control the situation.

Which Type of Research? Naturalistic Observation

Which Type of Research? Questioning a random sample to collect self-reported attitudes or behaviors.

Which Type of Research? Survey

What is a Correlation? Two sets of data that are related. Positive or negative. Correlation is NOT causation.

Scientific Method Step 1. Ask a Research Question Step 2. Form a Hypothesis Step 3. Determine Variables Step 4. Experiment/Test Experimental Group Vs. Control Group Measure the difference Step 5. Compare Measurements Step 6. Interpret Results and Draw Conclusions