 Conceptual Origins  Nature- behavioral and personality traits originate from heredity Traits come from biological parents  Nurture- behavioral and personality traits come from the environment in which individual is raised in Traits come from setting vs.

 Historical Origins  Exact origin of titled concept is unknown  Discussed by Francis Galton (English Victorian Polymath), Shakespeare, Charles Darwin, and John Locke (English Philosopher) in various settings

 What factors influence one’s opinions on “Nature vs. Nurture?”  Decade Born?  Political Affiliation?  Number of Siblings?  Is there a noticeable difference in the opinions of males and females?

 Written survey taken by subjects in public place (Valley Square)  Systematic sampling- every other person seen was chosen to take survey Parents with young children disregarded for politeness  Surveys taken on Wednesday, June 1 st, between 3pm and 5pm  Additional surveys completed by adult members of Zack and George’s scout troops  We needed more old people

 Gender (circle one): Male Female  Decade Born (circle one): 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s  Political Affiliation (circle One): Republican Democrat Independent Other None   Number of siblings (circle one):  In your opinion, do someone’s behavioral and personality traits originate more from heredity (NATURE) or the environment in which he/she was raised (NURTURE)? Please circle the ratio of the relationship between “nature” and “nurture” that is closest to your opinions.  100% Nature  75% Nature, 25% Nurture  50% Nature, 50% Nurture  25% Nature, 75% Nurture  100% Nurture

 All data categorized and entered into fathom Some groups combined so all conditions could be met Response to Nature vs. Nurture question, decade born, political affiliation  X² Test of Independence performed on each variable Conditions checked and met Mechanics performed Conclusions made  Two out of four variables (gender, decade born, political affiliation, number of siblings) DO affect one’s opinions on Nature vs. Nurture!

 Predict which two variables have a relationship with one’s opinion on nature vs. nurture  Gender?  Decade Born?  Political Affiliation?  Number of Siblings?  What is the relationship?

Choice A: Majority/All Nature Choice B: 50/50 Nature/Nurture Choice C: Majority/ All Nurture M: Male F: Female

- Males: - Choice A: 27.1% - Choice B: 35.6% - Choice C: 37.3% - Females: - Choice A: 20.8% - Choice B: 45.8% - Choice C: 33.3%

Choice A: Majority/All Nature Choice B: 50/50 Nature/Nurture Choice C: Majority/ All Nurture Decade A: 1930s-1960s Decade B: 1970s-1990s

-1930s-1960s: -Choice A: 40.8% -Choice B: 28.6% -Choice C: 30.6% -1970s-1990s: -Choice A: 10.3% -Choice B: 50% -Choice C: 39.7%

Choice A: Majority/All Nature Choice B: 50/50 Nature/Nurture Choice C: Majority/ All Nurture D: Democrat O: Other R: Republican

- Democrats: - Choice A: 26.3% - Choice B: 39.5% - Choice C: 34.2% - Republicans: - Choice A: 10.3% - Choice B: 50% - Choice C: 39.7% - Other - Choice A: 33.3% - Choice B: 36.7% - Choice C: 30%

Choice A: Majority/All Nature Choice B: 50/50 Nature/Nurture Choice C: Majority/ All Nurture Sibling Choice A: 0-2 Siblings Sibling Choice B: 3+ Siblings

-0 to 2 Siblings: -Choice A: 10.8% Choice B: 52.3% Choice C: 36.9% -3+ Siblings -Choice A: 45.2% -Choice B: 21.4% -Choice C: 33.3%

44.9% 55.1% 35.5% 28% 36.5%60.7% 39.3% 45.8% 54.2%

 Political affiliation and gender do not effect an individual’s opinions on Nature vs. Nurture in our community  Decade born and number of siblings DO effect an individual’s opinion on Nature vs. Nurture  Individuals born from 1930s-1960s more likely to believe that NATURE is a larger factor  Individuals born from 1970s-1990s more likely to believe that Nature and Nurture play equal roles or that NURTURE is a larger factor  Individuals with 3+ siblings are more likely to believe that NATURE is a larger factor

 Conditions  1) Categorical Data--- Gender is categorical  2) SRS--- Yes, systematic sampling of random population  3) All expected counts ≥5--- Yes they are  Ho: No association exists between Gender and NvN  Ha: Association exists between Gender and NvN

DF= 2 P(X²>1.237)=.54 -We fail to reject Ho because P-value.54 > α=.05. -We have sufficient evidence that there is no association between gender and opinion on Nature vs. Nurture

 Conditions  1) Categorical Data--- Decade Born is categorical  2) SRS--- Yes, systematic sampling of random population  3) All expected counts ≥5--- Yes they are  Ho: No association exists between decade born and NvN  Ha: Association exists between decade born and NvN

DF=2P(X²>13.8)=.001 -We reject Ho because P-value.001< α= We have sufficient evidence that an association exists between decade born and opinion on Nature vs. Nurture

 Conditions  1) Categorical Data-Political Affiliation is categorical  2) SRS--- Yes, systematic sampling of random population  3) All expected counts ≥5--- Yes they are  Ho: No association exists between political affiliation and NvN  Ha: Association exists between political affiliation and NvN

DF=4 P(X²>3.165) =.53 - We fail to reject Ho because P-value.53> α=.005 -We have sufficient evidence that there is no association between political affiliation and opinion on Nature vs. Nurture

Conditions 1) Categorical Number of siblings (in this case) is categorical 2) SRS--- Yes, systematic sampling of random population 3) All expected counts ≥5--- Yes they are Ho: No association exists between number of siblings and NvN Ha: Association exists between number of siblings and NvN

DF= 2P(X²>18.62)= We reject Ho because P-value.0001 < α=.005 -We have sufficient evidence that an association exists between number of siblings and opinion on Nature vs. Nurture

 From the findings of the X² Tests of Independence, we can conclude that in our population:  No association exists between one’s opinion on Nature vs. Nurture and gender  No association exists between one’s opinion on Nature vs. Nurture and political affiliation  An association exists between one’s opinion on Nature vs. Nurture and the decade in which one was born  An association exists between one’s opinion on Nature vs. Nurture and the number of siblings one has

 One visit to Valley Square not fully representative of population  Multiple visits in other public places could be yield more accurate results  Parents with young children disregarded  Perhaps parents with young children have particular opinions on Nature vs. Nurture  Personal error  Only one person asked for volunteers  Intimidation factor- 3 observers approaching one subject  Bias in wording or survey  Response bias in survey

 Surprised with association between siblings and opinions on Nature vs. Nurture  We thought that the association would be the reverse of what it turned out to be  Not surprised with association between decade born and opinions on Nature vs. Nurture  Opinions are more progressive as time progresses- who you are is not solely determined by your genes  Not surprised with no associations between political affiliation/ gender and Nature vs. Nurture