Types of Matter

Categorizing Matter

Separating Mixtures Mixtures A mixture (heterogeneous or homogeneous) can be separated by physical means (using physical changes). A mixture (heterogeneous or homogeneous) can be separated by physical means (using physical changes). Compounds Compounds Compounds can be separated into their constituent elements only by chemical means (using chemical changes). Compounds can be separated into their constituent elements only by chemical means (using chemical changes).

Types of Mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures Two or more materials, physically combined Two or more materials, physically combined Not uniform throughout Not uniform throughout Evidence of different parts Evidence of different parts Different phases (ex: solid + liquid) Different phases (ex: solid + liquid) Ex: plastic bottle in lake Ex: plastic bottle in lake Ex: sand and salt Ex: sand and salt Ex: ice in glass of water Ex: ice in glass of water Ex: a pizza Ex: a pizza

Types of Mixtures Homogeneous mixtures Homogeneous mixtures Two or more materials, physically combined Two or more materials, physically combined Uniform properties throughout Uniform properties throughout Appears as if it is “one” material Appears as if it is “one” material One phase (or state) One phase (or state) Examples Examples Ex: salt dissolved in water Ex: salt dissolved in water Ex: air Ex: air Ex: alloy (brass) Ex: alloy (brass)

Homogeneous Mixtures (solutions) Solvent Solvent The substance in which the other material dissolves; generally in the greater proportion; The substance in which the other material dissolves; generally in the greater proportion; It acts to dissolve the other It acts to dissolve the other Solute Solute The substance which is dissolved; generally in the smaller proportion The substance which is dissolved; generally in the smaller proportion

Solute & Solvent Examples Sugar dissolved in water Sugar dissolved in water Sugar= solute; water = solvent Sugar= solute; water = solvent Oxygen dissolved in nitrogen Oxygen dissolved in nitrogen Oxygen = solute; nitrogen = solvent Oxygen = solute; nitrogen = solvent Instant tea dissolved in hot water Instant tea dissolved in hot water Tea = solute; water = solvent Tea = solute; water = solvent

Pure Substances Elements Elements Composed of only one kind of atom Composed of only one kind of atom Examples.. H, O, Ne, Al, etc.. Examples.. H, O, Ne, Al, etc.. Compounds Compounds Composed of two or more kinds of atoms Composed of two or more kinds of atoms chemically bonded in definite proportions Examples: H 2 O, C 12 H 22 O 11

Elements and the Periodic Table Color on the periodic table: Color on the periodic table: Red = gas Red = gas Black = solid Black = solid Blue = liquid Blue = liquid Outline = man made Outline = man made Columns and Rows: Columns and Rows: Columns are called groups/families. Columns are called groups/families. Rows are called periods. Rows are called periods.

Periodic Table Boxes Boxes Atomic # Atomic # Symbol Symbol Name Name Atomic Mass Atomic Mass 3 Types of Elements 3 Types of Elements Metals – Left side of the periodic table Metals – Left side of the periodic table Metalloids – Touching the stair-step Metalloids – Touching the stair-step Nonmetals – Right side of the periodic table Nonmetals – Right side of the periodic table 6 C Carbon

Groups/Families Main Element Families (A columns) Main Element Families (A columns) Alkali Metals: 1 st column Alkali Metals: 1 st column Alkaline Metals: 2 nd column Alkaline Metals: 2 nd column Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Families 3 rd -6 th columns Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Families 3 rd -6 th columns Halogen Gases: 7 th column Halogen Gases: 7 th column Noble Gases: 8 th column Noble Gases: 8 th column Transition Metals: between columns 2 & 3 Transition Metals: between columns 2 & 3 Rare Earth Elements: bottom 2 rows Rare Earth Elements: bottom 2 rows

Element Names & Symbols Some names have single capital letters as their symbol Some names have single capital letters as their symbol Most have capital followed by a lower case letter Most have capital followed by a lower case letter

Compounds Unlike elements, compounds can be broken down into simpler substances. Unlike elements, compounds can be broken down into simpler substances. The properties of the elements that make up a compound are quite different than the compound itself. The properties of the elements that make up a compound are quite different than the compound itself. Chlorine = yellow-green gas that is poisonous. Chlorine = yellow-green gas that is poisonous. Sodium = a silvery metal that explodes if placed in water. Sodium = a silvery metal that explodes if placed in water.

Compounds Most compounds are made of molecules. Most compounds are made of molecules. A molecule is made of two or more atoms chemically bonded together. A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound. A molecule is made of two or more atoms chemically bonded together. A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound. Compounds are written out in a shorthand by a chemical formula. Compounds are written out in a shorthand by a chemical formula. Chemical formula tells what kind of atoms are present and how many. Chemical formula tells what kind of atoms are present and how many. C 12 H 22 O 11 C 12 H 22 O atoms of Carbon 12 atoms of Carbon 22 atoms of Hydrogen 22 atoms of Hydrogen 11 atoms of Oxygen 11 atoms of Oxygen

Compounds Let’s Count!! Let’s Count!! H 2 O H 2 O CO 2 CO 2 CO CO NaCl NaCl KI KI CaCO 3 CaCO 3

ElementsCompoundsMixtures Made up of only one kind of atom. Made up of more than one kind of atom. Made up of more than one kind of molecule. Cannot be broken down by chemical means. Can be broken down by chemical means. Can be separated by physical means. Has same properties as atoms making it up. Has different properties from elements making it up. Has same properties as substances making it up. Has same properties throughout. Has different properties throughout.