1500 – 1800

Western Europe Population: 100 million120 million180 million80 million

Western Europe Capitalism and Protoindustrialization Followed Laissez-Faire Private businesses were responsible for the fate of their own business Supply and Demand Joint Stock Companies

100 million225 million160 million East Asia Population:

East Asia  China was an agricultural society  It benefited from global trade  Yongle sent Zheng He on expeditions between 1405 and 1433  Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean Basin was established  Japan also took up Dutch Learning and traded  China and Japan isolated themselves again from trade later on

Middle East  The emperor owned all the land. The peasants who lived on it had to pay taxes as a form of rent.  Agriculture was the basis of the economy. The Columbian exchange brought about maize, potatoes, and tomatoes.  Another effect of the Columbian exchange were coffeehouses. These culture centers were a popular place to purchase and trade for coffee and tobacco products.  Leaders promoted long distance trade and commerce centers.

Sub-Saharan Africa  The Songhai empire ( ) established trade centers such as Timbuktu and participated in Sub-Saharan trade.  Eventually, trans-Atlantic trade began to diminish their land- based trade systems, weakening the economy.  Close diplomatic relations, such as those between Portugal and Congo, were fostered by trade.  Other times, conquest - such as that in Angolia and port cities of Africa - was used by Europeans to gain control.  A major contribution of Africa to the trans-Atlantic trade were slaves, who they often traded for guns and metal goods from Europe.

South Asia  Aurangzeb placed tax (Jizya) on Hindus.  They extracted surplus agriculture and used it to finance bureaucrats and armies  Mughal emperors didn’t pay as much attention to trade as did they to the land.  Portuguese, English, Dutch, and French trading ports were still dispersed along the coast of India.  Taj Mahal was a grand piece that spent an extraneous amount of money.

 Silver mining (mainly Peru and Mexico)  The Hacienda (estate) - farm raising, stock raising, craft production  Encomienda; Repartimiento (Spanish Empire)  The Engenho - sugar production  Caribbean: Europeans planted cash crops mostly sugar and tobacco to make profit in European markets  Slaves imported from Africa for plantation work (Portuguese Brazil) Latin America

Changes & Continuities  In Western Europe, capitalism was on a rise, unlike the previous feudal system.  In the Islamic Empire, agriculture was still a big part of the empire. A change was that the Columbian exchange brought the use of coffee and tobacco to a rise.  Slavery was a dramatic change in Sub-Saharan Africa. The empire was so desperate for European goods that they traded them for slaves.  India, like before, didn’t heavily rely on foreign trade. The Mughals however made money by placing a tax on the Hindus called Jizya.  In Latin America, slaves continued to be imported for labor purposes. Also, silver and sugar were main exports. Labor systems changed however from the encomienda to the repartimiento to free laborers.