VERSE/PROSE USE: Passage is VERSE if… *words do not go across the page *1 st word of each line is capitalized *regular rhythm of stressed/unstressed syllables *10-11 syllables each line Passage is PROSE if… *words go across the page * 1 st word doesn’t begin with a capital *words don’t share a consistent rhythmic pattern LITERARY DEVICES & CONCEPTS IN SHAKESPEAREAN PLAYS
Upper class characters speak verse; lower speak prose Serious material will be in verse; comic material will be in prose Noble characters will speak verse; villains will speak prose Romantic passages will be in verse; non- romantic passages in prose Antonio is lower class but speaks in verse to Sebastian Olivia speaks prose to Andrew but verse to Viola Andrew & Toby are upper class but speak in prose. GENERAL RULES (95%) OF THE TIME
Unusual comparisons expressed in metaphors. Feste responds to Viola regarding his employment with Olivia: “…Fools are like husbands as pilchers are to herrings: the husband’s the bigger” ( ). Fools >>>>>>>to husbands = pilchers (small fish)>herrings (slightly larger) Fools & husbands are basically the same; Olivia has neither. UNUSUAL METAPHORS (FESTE)
Play on words for comic effect Orsino speaks of his love for Olivia: “So full of shapes in fancy / That alone is high fantastical” ( ). fancy= love and imagination He is in love, but not really (It’s all in his head) PUNS (ORSINO)
A self- contradictory phrase “Olivia” signs her letter, “The Fortunate-Unhappy” ( ). Malvolio perceives her to be a contradiction (of the chain) OXYMORON (OLIVIA)
Reality is opposite of expectation. VERBAL (words) DRAMATIC (audience understanding) SITUATION (events) VERBAL: Viola speaks of Feste: “This fellow is wise enough to play the Fool” (3.1.61). Wise yet a fool-Viola’s insights DRAMATIC: Orsino and Viola converse about Cesario’s love: ORSINO. What kind of woman is ‘t?” VIOLA. Of your complexion. (2.4.30) She really speaks of Orsino SITUATION: Viola reflects on the wooing of Olivia, “Whoe’er I woo, myself would be his wife” (1.5.45). Exposes the love triangle IRONY: VERBAL, DRAMATIC, & IRONY OF SITUATION (VIOLA)
Entertains through Improbable situations Mistaken identity Word play Sexual innuendo False love Viola, Feste Feste Toby, Feste, Andrew, Fabian FARCE
Criticism of people and society through ridicule Upper class portrayal Lower class portrayal SATIRE