Growth and Expansion Chapter 10

Economic Growth 10.1

Industrial Revolution in New England Geography –Farming was difficult –Rivers and streams for water power –Close to resources like coal and iron –Many ports to ship out goods Investors –Rich people willing to invest in factories

New Technology Spinning Jenny Water Frame Power loom Cotton gin Interchangeable parts

Patents and Factories Patent Law to protect new inventions Factory System –All manufacturing steps in one place

Free Enterprise Capitalism –Economic system of the U.S. –Individuals invest their capital (money) into a business hoping it will make a profit Free Enterprise –People are free to buy, sell and produce whatever they want –Free to work wherever they want

Agriculture Expands Despite migration to cities, most still farmed Northeast –Small family farms, sell locally South –Rise of demand for cotton grew with textile industry –Use of slaves increased as plantations grea West –New settlers started farms

Economic Independence Small investors financed most new businesses Large businesses emerged – corporations –Easier to sell stock (shares of ownership)

Cities come of Age Growth of factories led to growth of cities Overcrowded and polluted Dangerous –Disease –Risk of fire Increased opportunities –jobs –Museums, libraries and shops

Westward Bound 10.2

Moving West Population doubled in less than 30 years Many moved to new territories, despite difficulties

Roads and Turnpikes Private companies built toll roads 1806 – National Road from East to West

River Travel Advantages –More comfortable –Carried larger loads Disadvantages –Could only go North-South –Slow to go upstream Steamboat –Increased travel efficiency

Canals Link New York with Great Lakes –Erie Canal Mostly Irish laborors Used locks No steamboats at first –Success caused increase in building canals

Western Settlement Nine new states added Pioneer families settled in similar communities near great rivers

Unity and Sectionalism 10.3

The Era of Good Feelings After War of 1812 –Political divisions gone, replaced with feelings of unity James Monroe new president –Served 2 terms

Sectionalism and the American System Regional differences emerged Sectionalism –Loyalty to their region –Differences in political opinions

John C. Calhoun South Carolina planter State Sovereignty –States have right to govern themselves

Daniel Webster New Englander “Liberty and Union” now and forever, one and inseparable!”

Henry Clay Kentucky National leader –Tried to resolve sectional disputes

The Missouri Compromise New States – slave or free? –Missouri - slave –Maine – free –Slavery outlawed in rest of Louisiana Territory north of the 36°30’ parallel

McCulloch verses Maryland Issue of States Rights Maryland tried to tax National Bank Bank refused to pay Supreme Court Decision: –States do not have the right to tax a federal institution

Relations with Britain Rush-Bagot Treaty –Limit number of naval vessels and weapons in Great Lakes between U.S. and British Canada Convention of 1818 set northern boundary between Louisiana Territory and Canada –Agreed to maintain without armed forces –U.S. also gained right to settle Oregon Territory

Relations with Spain Spain owned East Florida and claimed West Florida U.S. claimed West Florida was part of Louisiana Territory U.S. decided to take West Florida and add it to Louisiana and Mississippi –Spain objected, but took no action

Andrew Jackson Invaded Spanish East Florida –seized two forts Raid was not authorized, but government took no action

Adams-Onis Treaty U.S. gained all of Florida Gave up claims to Spanish Texas Decided on boundaries –U.S. gained territory in Pacific Northwest

Monroe Doctrine Quadruple Alliance –France, Austria, Russia and Prussia –Plan to help Spain regain American holdings U.S. will not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas North and South America are not to be considered for any future colonization by any European powers