The PRC Empire: Centers and Peripheries HI 168: Lecture 17 Dr. Howard Chiang

OVERVIEW -The ‘Sinophone’ World -Mongolia -Tibet -Xinjiang -Hong Kong -Taiwan -Beijing

Sinophone World

Mongolia -Inner Mongolia to 1927: no central government -Outer Mongolia – end of Qing/Manchu – independence? – delegation of Mongol Princes – under the support of Tsarist Russia, a sovereign Mongolia declared independence – Chinese almost won back Mongolia to 1924 – Mongolia was a constitutional monarchy and became a People’s Republic - the only frontier free of Chinese control

13 th Dalai Lama: Tubten Gyatso ( ) Fled twice: : Mongolia -1910: Darjeeling : Tibet’s de facto independence from China Tibet

Tibet -1951: Seventeen Point Agreement - formalized China’s sovereignty -1959: China’s crackdown on Tibetan rebels led to the Uprising of Lhasa (the Tibetan capital) – Dalai Lama retreated to India -1965: an autonomous region of the PRC -Cultural Revolution: attacks on Tibetan Buddhism and its material culture under the slogan of ‘destroying the Four Olds’ (old customs, habits, cultures, and thinking) - Tibetan = old; Chinese = new, progressive

Tibet -1976: Death of Mao in September - relative liberalization : a wave of demonstrations for independence -1989: Chinese declared Martial Law - controversy over Penchen Lama selection -2000: Tibet claimed that the Beijing government aimed at ‘total destruction’ -2006: Qinghai-Tibet Railroad - a continuation/reconsolidation of early modern Qing colonial enterprises?

Xinjiang was formally incorporated into the Chinese empire as a province in to 1928: ruled by the Chinese governor Yang Zengxin Mid-1930s to mid-1940s: under the control of Muslim warlord Ma Zhongying Xinjiang Yang Ma

Xinjiang : Eastern Turkestan Republic -1949: Chinese Communist Party - 8 ETR leaders died on their way to Beijing -1955: an autonomous region of the PRC to 1971: radical policies and criticisms -Muslim Uyghur resistance: - the Khotan rising in East. Turkestan People’s Revolutionary Party - climaxed in the 1980s and 1990s - the Urumqi Riots in July Chinese regulation: - Chinese Islamic Association

Hong Kong -December 1941 to August 1945: Japanese Occupation of HK (‘3 years and 8 months’) -After WWII: returned to Britain instead of the Nationalists (under Chiang Kai-shek) -Anticipated eventual handover (in 1997) led to a priority placed on economic development -Near the end of the Chinese Civil War ( ): a mass migration to the South from mainland, because HK became a ‘shield’ from communist China

Hong Kong -Since 1976: Deng Xiaoping’s economic reform & ‘opening up’ -Negotiations between British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and China’s leader Deng -In theory, difference between: - Hong Kong Island – ceded to Britain in perpetuity since Kowloon Peninsula – ceded to Britain in the New Territories – 99 year lease since Sino-British Joint Declaration on HK: September 29, 1984

Margaret Thatcher in Beijing, 1982

Hong Kong -Thatcher discusses HK’s future prior to handover to China (1:24-9:49): -Under the Joint Agreement: - HK returned on July 1, Special Administrative Region (SAR) – enjoy a considerable degree of autonomy in all questions with the exception of foreign policy and matters connected with defense - “one country, two systems” – also for Taiwan? - Tung Chee-hwa ( 董建華 ) replaced Chris Pattern -Macao returned to China in December 1999

Retrocession of Taiwan in Taipei, October 1945

Taiwan -Cold War in Asia - Nationalist Taiwan vs. Communist China -Nationalist/GMD arrival in Taiwan - military officer and civilian administrators established themselves as new elites - excluded native aborigines and the ‘indigenous’ Taiwanese from political power -Conflicts between the ‘indigenous’ Taiwanese and the new GMD Han Chinese since GMD ‘enemy’ changed from the CCP to the Taiwanese Democratic Progress Party (allowed only after 1987)

Chen Shui-bien (DPP) Ma Ying-jeou (GMD)

Sichuan Earthquake, May 12, (0’00 to 5’20)

Beijing Olympics, August 8-24,

Beijing at Sichuan Earthquake on May 12 -Beijing Olympics: August Shenzhou 7 ( 神舟七號 ): September Hu Jintao PRC President