Chapter 3 States of Matter

Solids, Liquids, and Gases Section 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Describing the States of Matter Materials can be classified as ______, _______, or ______based on whether their ______ and ________ are definite or variable. Solid – definite shape and definite volume Liquid – definite volume but not a definite shape Gas – neither definite shape or volume

Other States of Matter Plasma – exists at _________ _______ temperatures BEC (Bose-Einstein condensate) – exists at ____ ____ temperatures (below -273ºC)

Kinetic Theory Kinetic – from the _______ meaning “to move” Kinetic energy – energy an object has due to its ________ The kinetic theory of matter says that all _________ of matter are in constant _______. There are forces of ___________ among the particles in all matter.

The Kinetic Theory and the States of Matter Gases – particles are very ___ _____ from one another and move very ______. Attraction between particles is almost non-existent Liquids – particles are ______ __________ and move much ________. There is attraction between particles Solids – particles are _____ ______ together and hardly move at all. Particles are very ____________ to each other.

Explaining the behavior of Gases Gas particles are far apart and moving very, very fast The constant motion of the gas particles allows a gas to fill a container of any _______ and ______.

Explaining the Behavior of Liquids A liquid takes the shape of its container because particles in a liquid can _____ to new _____________. The volume of a liquid is _________ because forces of attraction keep the particles ______ _________.

Explaining the Behavior of Solids Solids have a definite _______ and ______ because particles in a solid vibrate around fixed locations.

Section 3.2 The Gas Laws

Pressure Pressure is the result of a _________ distributed over an _______. SI unit is derived from units for force and area (force/area – Newton/square meter) Pascal (Pa = N/m2) ____________ between particles of a gas and the walls of the container cause the ___________ in a close container of gas.

Factor that Affect Gas Pressure Temperature – raising temperature will _________its pressure if the volume & number of particles stay the same. Volume – reducing the volume increases its _________ if the temperature and number of particles stay the same. Number of Particles – increasing the number of particles will __________ the pressure if the temperature stays the same.

Charles Law Named for Jacques _________ (1746-1823) who studied the relationship between _______ and ______________around the turn of the 19th century. Determined that for the same amount of gas at a constant __________, volume divided by temperature equals a constant.

Charles’ Law Formula V1 V2 T1 T2 In other words, they are ____________ proportional. KNOW THIS FORMULA AND HOW TO USE IT!! ___ ____ =

Boyle’s Law Named for Robert _______ (1627-1691), who studied the relationship between __________ and ____________ in the mid-1600’s For the same amount of gas at a constant temperature, __________ times __________equals a constant. Shows relationship between Pressure (P) and Volume (V) at constant temperature.

Boyle’s Law Formula P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 In other words they are ______________ proportional KNOW THIS FORMULA AND HOW TO USE IT!

Section 3.3 Phase Changes

Phase Changes The ___________ physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another _________, freezing, ______________, condensation, ___________, and deposition are six common phase changes. The ____________ of a substance does not change during a phase change.

Energy & Phase Changes Energy is either _________ or ___________during a phase change. Endothermic change – the system ________ energy from its surroundings Exothermic change – the system __________ energy to its surroundings Heat of fusion – the amount of energy needed for a particular substance to change from a _____ to a ______

Phase Changes United Streaming Video: “Physical Science Series: Phases of Matter”

Melting & Freezing The arrangements of molecules in water becomes less ___________ as water melts and more _________ as water freezes The melting and freezing points of any substance are the _________!

Vaporization Vaporization – the phase change in which a substance changes from a ________ into a ____ Evaporation – a type of ____________ that occurs below the boiling point of a substance Heat of vaporization – the amount of energy needed to change a substance from a _______ to a _____ Vapor pressure – the pressure caused by the ______________ of vapor and a container

Boiling Point Boiling of a liquid occurs when the vapor pressure becomes equal to ___________ __________.

Condensation Condensation – phase change in which a substance changes from a _____ or ________ to a ________

Sublimation and Deposition Sublimation – phase change in which a substance changes from a _______ to a ______ or vapor without changing to a liquid first Deposition – when a gas or vapor changes directly into a ________ without first changing to a ________