How many calories are in one sugar cube? 3811 calories What is a calorie?

I. Definition: The process of breaking down glucose to release energy and form molecules of ATP Need to change the “currency” of energy from chemical bonds of glucose into ATP currency. II. Equation: CO 2 + C 6 H 12 O H 2 O + O2O2O2O2 ATP ATP Basically the reverse of Photosynthesis!

first step in releasing the energy of glucose a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid Glucose 2 Pyruvic Acids C C C C C C 2 ATP in 4 ATP out NADH NAD +

Glucose2 Pyruvic Acids C C C C C C 2 ATP in 4 ATP out NADHNAD + 2 NET ATP Occurs in cytoplasm

Occurs in mitochondria Needs oxygen = Aerobic If oxygen is present…If oxygen is NOT present… Krebs Cycle aka: Citric Acid Cycle Fermentation

2 NET ATP produced (remember there are 2 pyruvates!) NAD + and FAD + pick up hydrogen/electrons for later (ETC) CO 2 is given off! Krebs Cycle aka: Citric Acid Cycle Continued Fermentation

Needs oxygen = Aerobic Occurs in mitochondria H2O is released 34 ATP produced (about) Electron Transport Chain Fermentation

Occurs in mitochondria Needs oxygen = Aerobic If oxygen is present…If oxygen is NOT present… Krebs Cycle aka: Citric Acid Cycle Fermentation Def. - releases energy from glucose molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen Does not need oxygen = anaerobic

2 NET ATP produced (remember there are 2 pyruvates!) NAD + and FAD + pick up hydrogen/electrons for later (ETC) CO 2 is off! Krebs Cycle aka: Citric Acid Cycle Continued Fermentation Continued Two types: 1. Alcoholic Fermentation Example: Yeast causes bread to rise. Wine, root beer, ginger ale can also be made.

NAD/FAD pass electrons from carrier to carrier until it reaches the final electron acceptor (oxygen) Hydrogen’s dropped off by NAD and FAD create concentration gradient H2O is released 34 ATP produced (about) Electron Transport Chain Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation Example: Overworked muscles produce lactic acid which causes muscle cramps.

__________ + ________  _________ + __________ +________ Remember… If you know the photosynthesis equation, you know this one!

Glycolysis Oxygen present (aerobic) Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain No oxygen (anaerobic) Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation

Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt

Read each clue and try to answer! If you need an extra clue, I will give you the word scrambled. 1. During cellular respiration, the cell releases energy from this material. (LCUOSEG) 2. The energy molecule created during cellular respiration. (TAP)

3. The type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen. (RBIAOCE) 4. The cell structure in which most of the reactions of cellular respiration occur. (OTMIDOHCRNIA) 5. In addition to energy, the other two products of cellular respiration. (RBAONC) (XIDIODE) (AWTRE)

6. The type of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen. (NAEBACORI) 7. The first stage of cellular respiration. (LCYOGLYISS) 8. When oxygen is present; the second stage of cellular respiration. (TICIRC) (CDAI) (YCLCE)

9. What ATP is (the primary ________ source of for the cell). (NEREGY) 10. Cells in the human body that are capable of anaerobic respiration. (USMLCE) 11. Another name for the citric acid cycle. (REKBS) (YLCCE) 12. As the energy of ATP is used by the body, the ATP becomes what compound? (DAP) (P+)