How is development measured? Development is a complex process and there is little agreement on how to measure it The most common and easiest measures are Economic measures: Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product (economic indicators) GDP & GNP

GDP Economic indicators GDP is definitely the preferred measure of development among economists and is gaining popularity in general conversation as well. GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product

Definition of GDP GDP measures the value of all production within a nation, by whoever happens to be working there This is usually presented as a per capita value (GDP divided by the population) Economic indicators

Choropleth map showing world distribution of GDP per capita…

How do some countries fair on a GDP per capita (PPP) list? Qatar: $87 600 Luxembourg: $79 400 USA : $45 800 U.K.: $35 500 Japan: $33 500 France: $32 600 South Korea $25 000 Botswana: $14 300 China: $ 5 400 Philippines: $ 3 200 India: $ 2 600 Kenya: $ 1 700 Bangladesh: $ 1 400 Burkina Faso: $ 1 200 Zimbabwe: $ 200 2005 data

Evaluation of GDP per capita What are the strengths and limitations of this indicator? Strengths Limitations -Nominal GDP -Negative externalities -Exchange rate -Black markets -Broadest indicator -Great investor tool -Data released according to fiscal calender

Questions What is the preferred measurement of economic development? What is the definition of GDP? Why do some countries have a higher GDP than others? How is GDP an accurate indicator of development? How is it inaccurate?

Definition of GNP Economic indicators GNP measures the production of all a nations citizens, wherever they happen to be working. (both inside and outside the country: Maybe you can remember the "N" in GNP stands for "anywhere"). This is divided by the population to produce a per capita value (GNP per capita)

Choropleth map showing world distribution of GNP per capita…

GNP figures: Economic indicators Regional distribution of GNP: Western Europe, North America, Japan and Australia have high GNP per capita; approx 15% of world’s population 56% of the world’s population live in areas with low GNP per capita, lowest: Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Vietnam

Evaluation of GNP per capita What are the strengths and limitations of this indicator? Strengths Limitations Provides income Able to compare with GNPs of other countries Allows to disaggregate wealth Shows General standard of living Closely linked with other indicators Doesn’t count the countries natural resources it has Illicit economic activities Unpaid and domestic services Foreign companies’ factories products are not part of the GDP Leisure spending is not part of the GNP Countries that penalizes rule offenders with money but they are not counted as a GNP.

What is the PPP adjustment? Economic indicators GNP & GDP are often been criticized as being unfair measures of development, and one of the reasons why is because they don’t take into account the cost of living of the country These measures are made more fair by using the PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) adjustment. This is a adjustment that is made to countries GNP/GDP scores to take into account the cost of living in a country making it a more fair measure of development – this is why you often see it presented as GDP (PPP) per capita for example.

Example of cost of living differences…. How much does a Big Mac cost in the Philippines? How much does a Big Mac cost in the USA? How much does a can of Coke cost in Korea? How much does a can of Coke cost in India? How much does a coffee (from Starbucks) cost in Australia? How much does a coffee (from Starbucks) cost in England?

Example of cost of living differences…. There is a difference in the cost of living of these countries… so calculating GDP (PPP) or GNP (PPP) gives a more fair measure of development because it takes into account the cost of living of the country

Social Indicators Death/Birth Rate, Infant Mortality Rate, Literacy rate

More Social Indicators Definitions: Death/birth rate: the number of deaths/births 1000 of the population per year Infant Mortality: number of infant deaths (one year of age or younger) per 1000 live births literacy rate: % of the population over age fifteen that can read and write

Choropleth map showing birth rate per 1000 people….

Choropleth map showing infant mortality (per 1000 live berths)

Choropleth map showing literacy rates(% of population over 15 years of age)

Evaluation of social indicators (birth rate, infant mortality & literacy)….. What are the strengths and limitations of these indicators? Strengths Limitations General Makes reference to established social changes in references to industrialization. Birth Rate/ Death Rate Provides insight into population trends Infant Mortality rate Indicates development of medical infrastructure Literacy Rate Strong Indicator of potential for democracy General Not as hard cut as economic indicators like GDP. Often does not include complete population Birth Rate/ Death Rate Severely Affected by contraception practices Infant Mortality rate Literacy Rate Accesses a relatively low and general level of education

SOCIAL INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT

SOCIAL INDICATOR DEFINITIONS People per doctor: 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒐𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚 Life Expectancy: The average number of years a person is expected to live in the country 390 people per doctor in the USA 435 people per doctor in Mexico

People per doctor Red/Orange and Large- more people per doctor 1.Trend In relation to graph In relation to Brandts Line 2. What is important to look out for Color of the numbers Size of the numbers The actual ratios 3. Explain this graph In Africa… In Asia… In Europe.. Etc. Red/Orange and Large- more people per doctor Green/ Yellow and Small- less people per doctor Size and color is relative to how much more people depend on one doctor

Choropleth map showing life expectancy…. 1.Trend In relation to graph In relation to Brandts Line 2. What is important to look out for Color of the numbers Size of the numbers The actual ratios 3. Explain this graph In Africa… In Asia… In Europe.. Etc. Based on Color Gradation

Evaluation of social indicators (people per doctor & life expectancy) STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Able to show level of Health Care Able to show medical development in the nation Possibly show the rate of medical technology Hard to take into account of every person Standard for the term “doctor” not quite established Dependent also on age of population Life Expectancy: STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Can be used to measure aging population Can help explain social situations in country and its effects Easy to compare with other nations (Relativity) Number of data available can distort

QUESTION TIME Give definitions for People per doctor and Life expectancy

REVIEW! ANSWER People per doctor: 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒐𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚 Life Expectancy: The average number of years a person is expected to live in the country

QUESTION TIME What is important to watch out for in a choropleth map?

ANSWER COLOR GRADIENTS

QUESTION TIME What is important to watch out for in a map using ratios

ANSWER Size, Color, Actual Ratio Numbers

QUESTION TIME Why are social indicators useful? Name 2 examples from either Life Expectancy or People per doctor

ANSWER Answers will vary

QUESTION Why should social indicators not be the only thing we watch out for?

ANSWER Answers will vary

Human Development Index (HDI) By: Lloyd Taylor, Hae Min Kim, and Trey

What alternative measures are there? The United Nations Development Programme introduced a more meaningful measure of development: The Human Development Index, or HDI A composite indicator: Combines Social & Economic indicators

How does the HDI measure development? composite indicators How does the HDI measure development? The HDI is an index calculated from three variables: Income, measured by GDP per capita Knowledge, measured by adult literacy rates and the percentage of children attending school Longevity, measured as life expectancy at birth

Calculating HDI values…. composite indicators For each of the three values (education, life expectancy and GDP), the world’s highest and lowest values are found. The highest possible measure is given the value 1, and the lowest 0. E.g. Japan’s life expectancy is the highest at 80 years, Angola's is the lowest at 37. A country with a value mid way between the two would get a score of .5 The three variables are averaged to give a country’s HDI Activity: Define HDI and explain how it is calculated

Choropleth map showing global HDI distribution

Variations in the HDI “The best”: Countries with the highest HDIs include Canada, Switzerland, Japan and Sweden. “The worst”: Countries with the lowest include Guinea, Burkina Faso and Afghanistan “The under performers”: Countries scoring high on GDP but relatively low in the HDI include Saudi Arabia, Namibia and the United Arab Emirates, suggesting need to transfer oil and mineral revenues into improved living standards. Resources HDI can made to show regional variations

Evaluation of HDI….. What are the strengths and limitations of this indicator? Strengths Limitations Covers most (if not all of the aspects) resulting in a more accurate placement. It can display how far a country has developed (it’s overall improvement) Helps countries indicate ways to improve their country (goals) More prone to error since they take 3 variables into consideration (i.e. a country rich in natural resources) The topics they take into account are very vague (i.e. only the dropout rate, rather than the quality of education) There are no environmental effects involved Flawed rating system (there is no such thing as a perfect country)

Calculating HDI…. Country A: Knowledge 0.9 Income 0.4 Longevity 0.9 HDI = Country B: Knowledge 0.4 Income 0.8 Longevity 0.5 Country C: Knowledge 0.8 Income 0.7 Longevity 0.9 HDI = Country D: Knowledge 0.7 Income 0.6 Longevity 0.5 Analysis: What type of countries are these? Which are the most or least developed? Any resource rich countries?