AP Biology Exam Review: Learning Objective Focus—Due Wednesday, April 27 th — 4 th quarter test grade!!! 1) Choose an AP Biology Learning Objective (LO) from your table. 2) Using your notes, the textbook, the Internet, and PowerPoint, create one PowerPoint slide that reviews your chosen Learning Objective. This slide MUST include: A) A statement of the Learning Objective B) A statement of the connected Science Practice (SP) C) A statement that explains the Learning Objective in terms of curriculum content and makes a connection between the LO and the related SP. D) An original multiple-choice question that tests students’ knowledge of the LO. E) An original FRQ-style essay question that tests students’ knowledge of the LO. F) At least one labeled diagram or figure that further explains or provides a visualization of curriculum content directly related to the LO. G) A second “ANSWER KEY” slide that contains the correct answer for the multiple choice question and an appropriate and complete answer for the FRQ. ***See example slides for reference.*** 3) Use the following link to find more information on your LO and SP: 4) your PowerPoint slide to me as a file attachment. your full name, period, and learning objective number in the subject line. I’ll compile a class set of these slides and post them on my website.

LO 4.15: The student is able to use visual representation to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively to illustrate how interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy. SP 1.4: The student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively. transfer.html Explanation: Primary producers harness light from the sun into energy through photosynthesis. However, approximately only 1% of sunlight is harnessed and remains after producers utilize the energy in respiration (known as the net primary production). Energy is transferred to the next trophic level of an ecosystem (the primary consumers who eat autotrophs) and approximately 10% of the energy present reaches the primary consumers. The autotrophs, like other trophic levels, lose energy through heat and feces, use some of the energy to generate new biomass, and some of the autotrophs are simply not eaten. The process continues to secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and so on. Because of the increasingly small amount of energy available, the number of organisms also declines as trophic level increases. This decline can be illustrated with a pyramid. The base, primary producers, is large while the top, e.g. tertiary consumers, is significantly smaller in both number and energy available. The pyramid additionally explains why large communities of lower trophic levels are necessary to support only a few higher level trophic consumers (with only 10% of the energy of a lower trophic level available, a higher trophic level must consume large quantities of the lower organisms). MC Question : A recent article published in the local newspaper claimed that if humans became herbivores, world hunger could possibly end. Is this a BIOLOGICALLY sound claim? A) No. Humans must remain as omnivores to receive all necessary nutrients. B) No. By moving humans to a lower trophic level more energy would need to be produced by producers. C) Yes. By moving humans to a lower trophic level more energy would be available and a greater number of organisms could be supported from the same number of producers. D) Yes. Humans would be able to consume less energy per organism increasing the number of organisms that could survive. FRQ: Consider a terrestrial ecosystem containing four trophic levels. a.If the first trophic level has 10,000 J of energy available, how many J of energy is available to the fourth trophic level? b.Why does this number decrease, increase, or remain the same? c.Are there any cases in which energy transfers are similar to this terrestrial ecosystem but biomass comparisons are not? d.If the fourth trophic level of this ecosystem was removed would the third grow uncontrollably? What might “check” its growth?

Answer Key MC Question : A recent article published in the local newspaper claimed that if humans became herbivores world hunger could possibly end. Is this a BIOLOGICALLY sound claim? A) No. Humans must remain as omnivores to receive all necessary nutrients. B) No. By moving humans to a lower trophic level more energy would need to be produced by producers. C) Yes. By moving humans to a lower trophic level more energy would be available and a greater number of organisms could be supported from the same number of producers. D) Yes. Humans would be able to consume less energy per organism increasing the number of organisms that could survive. Explanation: A majority of available energy is lost as organisms within one trophic level consume organisms from the trophic level below. Within food web energy dynamics, humans acting as primary consumers are receiving energy much more directly—one step closer to the sun– than humans acting as secondary consumers. To visualize, picture how many resources are utilized by a large cattle farm, where the primary purpose of the cattle is to supply food to humans. If humans eliminate beef from their diets, the vast amount of resources necessary to sustain the cattle population would be conserved. FRQ: Consider a terrestrial ecosystem containing four trophic levels. a.If the first trophic level has 10,000 J of energy available, how many J of energy is available to the fourth trophic level? b.Why does this number decrease, increase, or remain the same? c.Are there any cases in which energy transfers are similar to this terrestrial ecosystem but biomass comparisons are not? d.If the fourth trophic level of this ecosystem was removed would the third grow uncontrollably? What might “check” its growth? a.10 J. According to the 10% rule, minimal energy from one trophic level is available to the next. b.The number decreases because at each trophic level because some energy is lost in feces and through heat. Other energy is used respiration and creating new biomass, while some other energy is never harnessed by the next trophic level as some organisms are never eaten. c.Yes, in some aquatic ecosystems primary producers still produce energy and primary consumers receive only about 10%. But in some exceptional ecosystems, such as the English Channel, a small producer population—phytoplankton--supports a larger consumer population—zooplankton– as measured by biomass. d.No, it would not grow uncontrollably. For some time, without predators, the population would grow. But, this would end as energy supplies become low from the next-lower trophic level being exhausted by over-predation from the growing population. Additionally, competitors at the third trophic level could “check” the growth of the population by using similar energy resources.