Bell Ringer 1.Get with your partner and finish your posters. 2.When you are finished hang your poster on the right side of the bulletin board. 3.Do not cover up the signs!

Exit Ticket 1.What are 2 similarities you see with the many Native American tribes? 2.What are 2 differences? You’ll have a quiz next class over these!!! STUDY!

The Wild West Closing the Western Frontier

Cultures Under Pressure 250,000 Indians lived in region west of Mississippi River 250,000 Indians lived in region west of Mississippi River Diverse Cultures Diverse Cultures – Pacific Northwest: Klamath, Chinooks, Shasta – New Mexico and Arizona: Pueblos and Navajos – Plains Indians: Sioux, Blackfeet, Cros, Cheyenne, Comanches Native Americans and Settlers Native Americans and Settlers – Views on land

The Union used the following as a strategy to keep Southerners from fighting, the Law stated; The Union used the following as a strategy to keep Southerners from fighting, the Law stated; Any U.S. citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms against the U.S. Government could file an application and lay claim to 160 acres Government land. Any U.S. citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms against the U.S. Government could file an application and lay claim to 160 acres Government land. For the next 5 years, the homesteader had to live on the land and improve it by building dwelling and growing crops. For the next 5 years, the homesteader had to live on the land and improve it by building dwelling and growing crops. After 5 years, the homesteader could file for their deed by submitting proof of residency and the required improvements to a local land office. After 5 years, the homesteader could file for their deed by submitting proof of residency and the required improvements to a local land office. HOMESTEAD ACT of 1862

Threatened by Advancing Settlers President Jackson: Trail of Tears President Jackson: Trail of Tears – “Great American Desert” 1834: law regulated trade and access of white settlers 1834: law regulated trade and access of white settlers 1850s: gold and silver discovered in Indian Territory 1850s: gold and silver discovered in Indian Territory 1860s: reservations created 1860s: reservations created – Separate areas set aside by the government for Indians’ use Diseases introduced and Buffalo herds destroyed Diseases introduced and Buffalo herds destroyed Colorado Gold Rush (1859)

Rebellion and Tragedy on the Plains Rapid industrial development + expansion = collision course for Native Americans and white settlers Rapid industrial development + expansion = collision course for Native Americans and white settlers Sioux Indians resisted threats to land rights by attacking settlement in Eastern Minnesota Sioux Indians resisted threats to land rights by attacking settlement in Eastern Minnesota – Response: U.S. government waged war Sparked attacks on settlements and stagecoaches Sparked attacks on settlements and stagecoaches

Sand Creek Massacre: Sand Creek Massacre: – Fall 1864 – Colorado Militia came upon unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho – Troops killed men, women and children despites N.A. efforts to signal friendship Colonel John Chivington “Kill and scalp all, big and little!”

Fetterman Massacre Plains Indians upset federal government planned to build road through Sioux hunting ground Plains Indians upset federal government planned to build road through Sioux hunting ground Red Cloud ambushed Captain William Fetterman and killed him Red Cloud ambushed Captain William Fetterman and killed him Impact: called government’s Indians policy questioned Impact: called government’s Indians policy questioned – United States Indian Peace Commission

Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 – Pacify Sioux and gain land – Government build road – N.A. live on reservations with support from gov’t Effects: Effects: – N.A. left reservations – Indian agents stole or had no support

Red River War Attack by Indians on Texans in June 1874 Attack by Indians on Texans in June 1874 Ended June 1875 after Comanches surrender Ended June 1875 after Comanches surrender Impact Impact – defeat Plains Indians – End buffalo herds – Open land to settlement – U.S. fails to enforce 1867 Treaty

Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek (1867) 2 nd Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868) Reservation Policy

Gold Found in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory! 1874

Crazy Horse Very well liked Native American leader. Led charge at Little Big Horn Surrenders after the Battle of the Little Big Horn

Sitting Bull Belonged to Lakota tribe. Lived by hunting buffalo. Famed fighter was a war chief. Trained as a spirit man. First ever chief of all Indian bands

George Custer Colonel killed at Battle of Little Bighorn after arriving a day too early.

Battle of the Little Big Horn June 1876 Custer arrives 1 day ahead of main forces June 1876 Custer arrives 1 day ahead of main forces Custer and 250 men came upon 2,000 Indians Custer and 250 men came upon 2,000 Indians Crazy Horse led charge Crazy Horse led charge Revenge to track down Indians Revenge to track down Indians Sitting Bull escapes but Crazy Horse surrenders Sitting Bull escapes but Crazy Horse surrenders

I will fight no more forever! Chief Joseph and Nez Perces: Led a group of refugees on trek to Canada. Stopped short of border and surrendered. Went to Washington DC to help his people

Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”: 1890 Ghost Dance: Religious revival. Ritual would banish white settlers and restore buffalo in the Plains.

Wounded Knee What happened: What happened: – Arrest Sitting Bull – In confrontation Sitting Bull and others killed – Troops sent after N.A. as they fled – 100 men, women and children killed IMPACT: sealed Native American’s demise IMPACT: sealed Native American’s demise

Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Body Wounded Knee, SD, 1890

Assimilation (Americanization) The process of being immersed and adopting into the main culture of a society

Dawes Severalty Act (1887): Assimilation Policy Carlisle Indian School, PA No Indian nation or tribe within the U.S. would be recognized as an independent nation, tribe or power with whom the U.S. may contract by treaty

Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor (1881) Reaction against:

Susette La Flesche Omaha Indian  lecture tour on Native American issues in the 1870s Reaction against:

Indian Reservations Today

Crazy Horse Monument: Black Hills, SD Lakota Chief

Korczak Ziolkowski, Sculptor Crazy Horse Monument His vision of the finished memorial.

Mt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SD

Homestead Act Sand Creek Massacre Fetterman Massacre Fort Laramie Treaty Red River War – Gold in the Black Hills Battle of Little Big Horn Nez Perce Tribal Retreat Carlisle Indian School – 1879 Dawes Act Wounded Knee – 1890