Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration

Industrial Growth Between 1865 and 1900, the u.s. experienced unprecedented economic growth 1860 manufacturers had about $2 billion in value by 1900 they had over $11 billion Iron ore production nearly quadrupled from 7 million long-tons to 27 million long-tons Steel output rose from less than 1 million tons to over 11 million tons GNP tripled during that time Railroad mileage increased from 30,000 to 250,000 miles

Rise of Big Business By 1900 the American economy was dominated by business monopolies or trusts, huge business empires that virtually controlled key sectors of the economy and dominated social and political life Trusts in sugar, cotton, tobacco, meat, flour, and even whiskey Number of industrial combinations rose from 12 to 305 between 1887 and ,600 smaller firms disappeared By 1900, 1 % of all companies produced 40% of the manufacturing output GAPE saw the rise of the modern corporation Used 14th Amendment to gain “personhood” and rights

Immigration Statistics aprox. 30 million European immigrants appox. 27 million European immigrants 2 “Waves” of immigrants (approx. 10mil) Britain, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia, Switzerland, Holland (approx. 20mil) Italy, Greece, Austro-Hungary, Russia, Romania, Turkey

Immigration Statistics Compare 1882 and peak of “old” immigration 788,992 total immigrants 250,630 - German (highest ever) 179,423 - Britain and Ireland 105,326 - Scandinavia 32,159 - Italy 29,150 - Hapsburg Empire 16,918 - Russia and Baltic States 87% from NW Europe and 13% from southern and eastern Europe

End of “New” Immigration Immigration declined significantly after 1914 World War I “New” Immigration ended almost completely in 1924 Congress passed the National Origins Act or Immigration Restriction Act Limited number of entrants to 2% of 1890 census

URBANIZATION & CITIES Urbanization refers to the proportion of people in living in cities. It also refers to the process in which rural populations move to urban areas. Urbanization refers to all of the cities in a country, considered as an urban system. The urban system is the network of individual cities within a region or country.

Urban and Rural Population, Less Developed Countries 1950 to 2025

Sources of Urbanization The urban system of a country grows mainly by: 1. Natural population increase (births – deaths) 2. Migration from rural areas (especially in countries with large rural populations) 3. Immigration from other countries (especially in Europe and North America) 4. Reclassification of urban boundaries to encompass formerly rural areas

% of population living in urban areas in major world regions, 1950, 1975, 2000 and 2025

Urbanization in MDCs and LDCs MDCs Slow pre-industrial growth Rapid industrial growth Slows again once most previously rural populations are in cities Europe, North America, Australia and Japan, the population is 75% to 80% urban. Canada is 80% urbanized. LDCs Rapid urbanization without proportional industrialization (population growth, land tenure) By 2020 majority of LDC population will live in urban areas of 1 million+ By 2020 most megacities of 10 million+ will be in LDCs