Questions to Answer  1. How did your city change over time?  2. How would you re-design your city?  3. What are the benefits of urban planning?

The First Urban Revolution Two components enable the formation of cities: 1.an agricultural surplus 2. social stratification (a leadership class)

Six Hearths of Urbanization In each of these hearths, an agricultural surplus and social stratification created the conditions necessary for cities to form and be maintained.

Six Hearths of Urbanization  Mesopotamia, 3500 BCE  Nile River Valley, 3200 BCE  Indus River Valley, 2200 BCE  Huang He and Wei River Valleys, 1500 BCE  Mesoamerica, 1100 BCE  Peru, 900 BCE

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were two of the first cities of the Indus River Valley. - intricately planned - houses equal in size - no palaces - no monuments Indus River Valley

Huang He and Wei River Valleys The Chinese purposefully planned their cities. - centered on a vertical structure - inner wall built around center - temples and palaces for the leadership class Terracotta Warriors guarding the tomb of the Chinese Emperor Qin Xi Huang

Mesoamerica Mayan and Aztec Civilizations Many ancient cities were theocratic centers where rulers were deemed to have divine authority and were god-kings.

Mesoamerica Between 300 and 900 CE, Altun Ha, Belize served as a thriving trade and distribution center for the Caribbean merchant canoe traffic.

Diffusion of Urbanization The Greek Cities by 500 BCE, Greeks were highly urbanized. Network of more than 500 cities and towns On the mainland and on islands Each city had an acropolis and an agora

Athens, Greece the acropolis the agora

Diffusion of Urbanization The Roman Cities a system of cities and small towns, linked together with hundreds of miles of roads and sea routes. Sites of Roman cities were typically for trade. A Roman city’s Forum combined the acropolis and agora into one space. Roman cities had extreme wealth and extreme poverty (between 1/3 and 2/3s of empire’s population was enslaved).

Roman Empire

The Roman Forum Aqueducts in Nimes, France

During the mercantile era, the cities that thrived were embellished by wealthy merchant families, who built ornate mansions, patronized the arts, participated in city governments, and supported the reconstruction of city centers. Genoa, Italy

Site and Situation during European Exploration The relative importance of the interior trade routes changed when European maritime exploration and overseas colonization ushered in an era of oceanic, worldwide trade. The situation of cities like Paris changed from being crucial in an interior trading route to being left out of an oceanic trade. After European exploration took off during the 1400s, the dominance of interior cities declined.

 Coastal cities remained crucial after exploration led to colonialism  The trade networks European powers commanded (including the slave trade) brought unprecedented riches to Europe’s burgeoning medieval cities, such as Amsterdam (the Netherlands), London (England), Lisbon (Portugal), Liverpool (England), and Seville (Spain)  As a result, cities that thrived during mercantilism took on similar properties Site and Situation during European Exploration

The Second Urban Revolution

A large scale movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing. Made possible by: 1. second agricultural revolution that improved food production and created a larger surplus 2.industrialization, which encouraged growth of cities near industrial resources

Industrialized regions of Europe, 1914

Fig

Metropolitan areas of 3 million or more. Only metropolitan areas with a population of 5 million or more are named. Massive urbanized districts are no longer characteristic only of the industrialized, developed countries. They are now found on every continent, all latitudes, as part of most economies and societies. Not all cities in congested areas are shown.

Average annual urban population growth rates. An urban growth rate of 5% means that a country’s city population will double in just 14 years.

Urban?