Lectures № 16 Chemical analysis of MPM that contain alkaloids

Alkaloids are complex organic compounds of basic nature containing nitrogen. They are vegetable origin (seldom animal origin) and have very strange, specific physiological effect on the body. The name “alkaloid” is derived from Arabian olkali – alkali and Greek eidos – similar to alkali. Alkaloids are complex organic compounds of basic nature containing nitrogen. They are vegetable origin (seldom animal origin) and have very strange, specific physiological effect on the body. The name “alkaloid” is derived from Arabian olkali – alkali and Greek eidos – similar to alkali. There are near 5000 alkaloids. Many of them are valuable remedies. There are near 5000 alkaloids. Many of them are valuable remedies.

Chemical classification (suggested by Oryekhov) – alkaloids are divided into groups accoring to nitrogen bearing heterocycle. There are: Pyrolydine derivatives Pyrolydine derivatives Pyperidine derivatives Pyperidine derivatives Pyridine derivatives Pyridine derivatives Pyrolysidine derivatives Pyrolysidine derivatives Quinolysidine derivatives Quinolysidine derivatives Quinoline derivatives Quinoline derivatives Isoquinoline derivatives Isoquinoline derivatives Indole derivatives Indole derivatives Imidazole derivatives Imidazole derivatives Acridine derivatives Acridine derivatives Purine derivatives Purine derivatives Tropine derivatives Tropine derivatives

Aminoacids are biogenic precursors of alkaloids: Ornithine group – pyrolydine, pyrolysidine alkaloids. Ornithine group – pyrolydine, pyrolysidine alkaloids. Lysine – quinolysidine alkaloids of Fabaceae family and some pyperidine alkaloids. Lysine – quinolysidine alkaloids of Fabaceae family and some pyperidine alkaloids. Tyrosine – isoquinoline alkaloids. Tyrosine – isoquinoline alkaloids. Tryptophan – indole, quoinoline cinchonine, some pyridine and piperidine alkaloids. Tryptophan – indole, quoinoline cinchonine, some pyridine and piperidine alkaloids. Histidine – imidazole alkaloids like pilocarpine Histidine – imidazole alkaloids like pilocarpine Glycine and asparagin acid – purine alkaloids. Glycine and asparagin acid – purine alkaloids.

General precipitate reactoins on alkaloids With Major’s reagents (bichloride mercury solution on potassium iodide solution) – white or yellow precipitate. With Major’s reagents (bichloride mercury solution on potassium iodide solution) – white or yellow precipitate. With Vagner’s and Bushard’s reagents (iodine solution in potassium iodide) – brown precipitates that are the compounds of alkaloids hydroiodides with iodine. With Vagner’s and Bushard’s reagents (iodine solution in potassium iodide) – brown precipitates that are the compounds of alkaloids hydroiodides with iodine. With Drehendorf’s reagent (bismuth subnitrate solution potassium iodide and acetic acid) – orange-red or brick-red sediment. With Drehendorf’s reagent (bismuth subnitrate solution potassium iodide and acetic acid) – orange-red or brick-red sediment. With Marmer’s reagent (cadmium iodide solution in potassium iodide) – white or yellowish sediment, often soluble in surplus reagent. With Marmer’s reagent (cadmium iodide solution in potassium iodide) – white or yellowish sediment, often soluble in surplus reagent.

With tannin solution – whitish or yellowish amorphic precipitate. With tannin solution – whitish or yellowish amorphic precipitate. With picric acid solution – yellow precipitate. With picric acid solution – yellow precipitate. With Zonnenshtein’s reagent (phosphoromolybdenic acid) – yellowish amorphic precipitate, getting dark-blue or green colour. With Zonnenshtein’s reagent (phosphoromolybdenic acid) – yellowish amorphic precipitate, getting dark-blue or green colour. With silicon tugsten acid – whitish precipitate. With silicon tugsten acid – whitish precipitate.

Biological Effect and Application of Alkaloids Alkaloid-bearing plants are used in Pharmacy and Medicine with different purposes. They are used directly at the Chemist’s shops for manufacturing of extracts and decoctions (thermopsis – Thermopsis Lanceolata). The others are used for manufacturing galenicals tinctures, extracts, neogalenicals. Alkaloids are produced from raw stuff in pure form and then manufactured as: tablets, ampoules, drage. Medical significance of alkaloids: analgetics (Poppy remedies) analgetics (Poppy remedies) hemostatics (Claviceps purpurea medicines ) hemostatics (Claviceps purpurea medicines ) cardiovascular remedies (ephedra) cardiovascular remedies (ephedra) anticancer (autumn crocus remedies ) anticancer (autumn crocus remedies ) spasmolytic (beladonna). spasmolytic (beladonna). It is not possible to describe all types of phamacological effects. Effects of some alkaloids on the human body are studied well. These substances effect on specific receptors or influence enzyme activity.