What’s My Score? Evaluation in Physical & Health Education Chapter 10 Sport Books Publisher

Objectives To develop an appreciation of the usefulness and application of testing, measurement, and evaluation To outline the criteria for the evaluation and selection of tests in physical and health education To become familiar with a variety of practical and economical tests that are useful to physical education teachers and students in various performance areas To administer these tests in a reliable and valid manner Sport Books Publisher

Introduction Sport Books Publisher

Introduction Evaluative decisions are made everyday The soundness of these decisions varies with the information used to make them Many of our decisions are based on the results of past or current research and testing that has been conducted Sport Books Publisher

The Decision-Making Process ACCUMULATE INFORMATION MAKE A DECISION ORGANIZE INFORMATION EVALUATE INFORMATION DRAW CONCLUSIONS Sport Books Publisher

Factors to be Considered in the Process… MAKE A DECISION ACCUMULATE INFORMATION VALIDITY ORGANIZE INFORMATION RELIABILITY OBJECTIVITY EVALUATE INFORMATION DRAW CONCLUSIONS Sport Books Publisher

Purposes of Testing and Evaluation Sport Books Publisher

Purposes of Testing and Evaluation The use of specific tests to evaluate performance can be a great source of motivation However, valid, reliable, and effective tests must be selected in order to benefit the individual being tested Sport Books Publisher

Six Purposes of Testing and Evaluation Placement Diagnosis Prediction Motivation Achievement Program Evaluation Sport Books Publisher

1. Placement Initial tests can be used to group individuals on the basis of skill level or ability Such grouping allows for the most efficient and effective use of time for training Sport Books Publisher

2. Diagnosis After administering a test, the results must be evaluated Performances can be evaluated Deficiencies and weaknesses can be identified These results determine what specific areas should be focused on during training Sport Books Publisher

3. Prediction Specialized tests can be used to predict future results and performance These tests have varying degrees of success in their capacity to predict future events Tests and measurements assist in the accuracy of our predictions Sport Books Publisher

4. Motivation Most individuals need the proper motivation if they are to put forth their full effort Measurement and evaluation can be stimulating and challenging enough to increase individuals’ motivation levels Sport Books Publisher

5. Achievement Measurement and tests allow achievement to be evaluated In order to objectively and accurately measure achievement, a set of objectives must be established prior to testing Sport Books Publisher

6. Program Evaluation Allows for the determination of whether a program has successfully achieved its objectives Often related to budgetary constraints Sport Books Publisher

Norms - Your Reference Perspective Norm-referenced standards are established from numerous previous trials The standards reflect achievement relative to a clearly defined subgroup or population These standards allow comparison of one’s performance against pre-established norms Can be used to identify athletic talent based on an individual’s performance relative to established norms Can indicate where improvements are needed Can provide a starting reference point from which to compare subsequent performances Sport Books Publisher

Reliability and Validity Sport Books Publisher

Reliability Refers to the consistency or repeatability of test scores, data, or observations A test is reliable if measurements are the same each time the test is administered to the same individual Using a target on a dart board as an example, reliability refers to the ‘clustering’ or ‘spread’ in reference to the placement of each dart thrown Sport Books Publisher

Reliability refers to the consistency of test scores Sport Books Publisher

Validity A trait that is possessed by the instrument or test being used The extent to which a test measures what it proposes to measure Using a target on a dart board as an example, validity refers to the placement of each dart thrown relative to an established standard or intended target (distance from the ‘bull’s eye’) Sport Books Publisher

Validity Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it proposes to measure Sport Books Publisher

Reliability and Validity In order to be deemed valid, a test must be reliable and relevant, and measure what it reports to measure Sport Books Publisher

Assessing Physical Fitness Sport Books Publisher

Fitness Tests Measuring Aerobic Capacity 12-Minute Run-Walk Test 1-Mile Run or Walk Test 2400-Metre Endurance run YMCA 3-Minute Step Test Queen’s College Step Test Sport Books Publisher

Measuring Aerobic Capacity Aerobic capacity is a reflection of an individual’s cardiorespiratory endurance Aerobic capacity can be measured with the use of either laboratory or field tests Sport Books Publisher

Measuring Aerobic Capacity - Lab Tests In the laboratory, measurement of VO2 max is achieved during a graded exercise test to exhaustion Laboratory tests can be rigorous, time-consuming, and require the use of expensive equipment Sport Books Publisher

Measuring Aerobic Capacity - Field Tests Field test are often used as an alternative to lab tests as they predict VO2 max using various calculations Some of these involve running tests and step tests Sport Books Publisher

Measuring Aerobic Capacity - Field Tests Aerobic capacity is estimated from the heart rate response or recovery heart rate following activity Standardization of tests is crucial to the accuracy of field tests Sport Books Publisher

12-Minute Run-Walk Test Can be used with: Equipment required: Males and females, from junior high school to college age Equipment required: Stopwatch, whistle, distance markers Goal of test: To run or walk around a predetermined course as many times as possible in 12 minutes Test Score: Distance covered during 12-minute run-walk test in kilometres Sport Books Publisher

12-Minute Run-Walk Test Standards Fitness Category Distance Covered by Age (years) 13-19 20-29 30-39 Superior (males) ≥3.01 ≥2.85 ≥2.74 (females) ≥2.45 ≥2.35 ≥2.25 Excellent 2.78-3.00 2.66-2.84 2.53-2.73 2.32-2.44 2.17-2.34 2.09-2.24 Good 2.53-2.77 2.41-2.65 2.35-2.52 2.09-2.31 1.98-2.16 1.92-2.08 Fair 2.22-2.52 2.12-2.40 2.11-2.34 1.80-1.97 1.71-1.91 Poor 2.09-2.21 1.96-2.11 1.91-2.10 1.61-1.91 1.54-1.79 1.53-1.70 Very Poor ≤2.08 ≤1.95 ≤1.90 ≤1.60 ≤1.53 ≤1.52 Fitness classifications based on distance covered (km) Sport Books Publisher

1-Mile Run or Walk Test Can be used with: Equipment required: Males and females, aged 5 through adulthood Equipment required: Stopwatch, a course or track of known dimensions Goal of test: To run or walk a 1-mile distance in the shortest time possible Test Score: Time taken to run 1-mile in minutes and seconds Sport Books Publisher

Norms (min:sec) for the 1-mile run 1-Mile Run or Walk Test Percentile Males Females 90 11:08 11:45 75 11:42 12:49 50 12:38 13:15 25 13:38 14:12 10 14:37 15:03 Norms (min:sec) for the 1-mile run Sport Books Publisher

1-Mile Run or Walk Test VO2 Max Prediction Equation: VO2 max = 132.853 - (0.0769) x W - (0.3877) x A + (6.315) x G - (3.2469) x T - (0.1565) x HR Where, VO2 max = maximum aerobic capacity in ml/kg/min W = weight in pounds A = age in years G = gender (0 for females, 1 for males) T = 1-mile walk time in minutes HR = heart rate in beats per minute Note - this equation is appropriate for individuals aged 20-69 years Sport Books Publisher

2400-Metre Endurance Run Can be used with: Males and females, aged 5 through adulthood Equipment required: Stopwatch, a course or track of known dimensions Goal of test: To run a 2400-metre distance in the shortest time possible Test Score: Time to complete run in minutes and seconds Sport Books Publisher

YMCA 3-Minute Step Test Can be used with: Equipment required: Large groups of people; unfit individuals Equipment required: A 12” bench, a metronome set at 96 beats per minute, a watch, and a timer Goal of test: To step at a cadence of 96 beats per minute up and down a bench for three minutes Test Score: One-minute recovery heart rate Sport Books Publisher

Queen’s College Step Test Can be used with: Males and females, college age or older Equipment required: Bleachers or any bench at a height of 16-17”, a metronome, and a stopwatch Goal of test: To step at a specific cadence (96 for males; 88 for females) up and down a bench for three minutes Test Score: 15-second recovery heart rate Sport Books Publisher

Queen’s College Step Test VO2 Max Prediction Equation: VO2 max (males) = 111.33 -0.42 (HR) VO2 max (females) = 65.81 -0.185 (HR) Where, VO2 max = maximum aerobic capacity in ml/kg/min HR = heart rate in beats per minute Sport Books Publisher

Fitness Tests Measuring Body Composition YMCA Skinfold Test Circumference (Girth) Measurements Sport Books Publisher