Warm-up What are the basic tools of assessment used in personality testing? What are the basic tools of assessment used in personality testing? Compare and contrast objective and projective personality tests. Compare and contrast objective and projective personality tests. What does research suggest about the validity of each of these types of tests? What does research suggest about the validity of each of these types of tests? If you don’t know what the different types of tests are….LOOK IT UP If you don’t know what the different types of tests are….LOOK IT UP

Basic tools of assessment 1. Observation 2. Interviews 3. Self-report personality tests 4. Peer ratings 1. Observation 2. Interviews 3. Self-report personality tests 4. Peer ratings

Objective tests: Objective tests: standardized written format, also called self-report standardized written format, also called self-report Limited true/false Limited true/false MMPI MMPI Projective tests: Projective tests: free response format, relatively unstructured stimuli which can be perceived in many ways with no response restrictions Rorschach A test in which people are asked to report what they see in a set of inkblots Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) A test in which people are asked to make up stories from a set of ambiguous pictures

Thematic Apperception Test Sample Item Sample Item Tell a story of what is happening in the picture

Research issues in personality Traits vs. Situation Traits vs. Situation Most recognize that both traits and situations are important in determining behavior, neither alone can account for the complexity of human behavior Most recognize that both traits and situations are important in determining behavior, neither alone can account for the complexity of human behavior

Nomothetic vs. Idiographic approaches Nomothetic refers to the universal laws underlying behavior Nomothetic refers to the universal laws underlying behavior Research is directed at personality traits that are assumed to apply universally Research is directed at personality traits that are assumed to apply universally Each person theoretically can be assessed in terms of the degree to which he/she possesses each trait Each person theoretically can be assessed in terms of the degree to which he/she possesses each trait Idiographic is a person- centered approach which assumes that individuals are unique case histories Idiographic is a person- centered approach which assumes that individuals are unique case histories Some personality variables are not distributed throughout the population Some apply only to particular individuals

Psychoanalysis The Psychodynamics of Personality Unconscious sexual and aggressive urges find acceptable forms of expression. Unconscious sexual and aggressive urges find acceptable forms of expression.

Psychoanalysis The Dynamics of Personality To minimize the anxiety due to the conflict between the id and the superego, the ego uses defense mechanisms. To minimize the anxiety due to the conflict between the id and the superego, the ego uses defense mechanisms. Unconscious methods of minimizing anxiety by denying and distorting reality Unconscious methods of minimizing anxiety by denying and distorting reality Repression (forgetting) Repression (forgetting) Denial (ignoring) Denial (ignoring) Projection (attributing to others) Projection (attributing to others) Reaction Formation (converting to its opposite) Reaction Formation (converting to its opposite) Rationalization (making excuses) Rationalization (making excuses) Sublimation (channeling into acceptable outlets) Sublimation (channeling into acceptable outlets)

Psychoanalysis Freud’s Legacy Neo-Freudian Theorists Carl Jung Carl Jung Proposed the idea of a Collective Unconscious Proposed the idea of a Collective Unconscious A kind of memory bank that stores images and ideas that humans have accumulated over the course of evolution A kind of memory bank that stores images and ideas that humans have accumulated over the course of evolution Alfred Adler Alfred Adler Proposed the idea of the inferiority complex and the notion that social conflicts are important in the development of personality. Proposed the idea of the inferiority complex and the notion that social conflicts are important in the development of personality.

Psychoanalysis Freud’s Legacy Neo-Freudian Theorists Later generations considered themselves classical Freudians or expanded psychoanalysis in two directions. Later generations considered themselves classical Freudians or expanded psychoanalysis in two directions. One direction focused on social relationships. One direction focused on social relationships. The other direction enlarged the role of the ego. The other direction enlarged the role of the ego.

Evaluation of the Psychoanalytic Perspective Freud developed the most comprehensive and influential personality theory ever with his views influencing many aspects of modern Western thought Freud developed the most comprehensive and influential personality theory ever with his views influencing many aspects of modern Western thought Specific weaknesses include: Specific weaknesses include: The theory’s portrait of human nature is too bleak. The theory’s portrait of human nature is too bleak. The theory does not meet acceptable scientific standards. The theory does not meet acceptable scientific standards. Research fails to support many of its propositions Research fails to support many of its propositions

Psychoanalysis Current Perspectives on Psychoanalysis Two enduring aspects of the theory remain influential: Two enduring aspects of the theory remain influential: The view of the mind as an iceberg (i.e., the importance of the unconscious). The view of the mind as an iceberg (i.e., the importance of the unconscious). The analysis of defense mechanisms, which is supported throughout psychology in studies of attention, thinking, feeling, etc. The analysis of defense mechanisms, which is supported throughout psychology in studies of attention, thinking, feeling, etc.

Personality Test Jung-Myers-Briggs Typology Test Jung-Myers-Briggs Typology Test Jung (Extraversion – Introversion, Sensing - Intuition, Thinking – Feeling) Jung (Extraversion – Introversion, Sensing - Intuition, Thinking – Feeling) Myers-Briggs (Judging – Perceiving) Myers-Briggs (Judging – Perceiving) Online Demo Test Online Demo Test win/JTypes1.htm win/JTypes1.htm

Behaviorist Models of Personality Derived from learning theory Derived from learning theory Personality is assumed to be predictable from the individual's particular history of reinforcement and punishment Personality is assumed to be predictable from the individual's particular history of reinforcement and punishment Inconsistencies in behavior reflect situational specificity Inconsistencies in behavior reflect situational specificity Operant behaviorism of B.F. Skinner Operant behaviorism of B.F. Skinner Behavior therapy is an attempt to modify behavior through the systematic alteration of undesired patterns of behavior to produce desired patterns Behavior therapy is an attempt to modify behavior through the systematic alteration of undesired patterns of behavior to produce desired patterns

Evaluation of behaviorist approach Too simplistic to account for the complexity of human personality Too simplistic to account for the complexity of human personality The rejection of internal psychological states make behavior of humans too mechanical The rejection of internal psychological states make behavior of humans too mechanical Behaviorist-based theory relies heavily on laboratory studies primarily with lower animals Behaviorist-based theory relies heavily on laboratory studies primarily with lower animals

Social-Cognitive approach asserts that human actions are reactions to the external forces that impinge upon the person asserts that human actions are reactions to the external forces that impinge upon the person Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory Reciprocal determinism, Observational learning & Self-efficacy Reciprocal determinism, Observational learning & Self-efficacy Julian Rotter's Expectancy Theory Julian Rotter's Expectancy Theory Internal-External Locus of Control Scale Internal-External Locus of Control Scale Those with an internal locus of control believe that their efforts and hard work pay off in rewards like good grades and a well-paying job. In contrast, those with an external locus of control believe that fate and others have control over what happens to them and thus they feel less powerful and unable to influence what they become or what happens to them. His early research in the 1950’s showed that in American society, white males were more likely to have an internal locus of control where women and minorities had higher external scores. Studies today show some changes in these statistics as more women and minorities have moved into positions of power. Those with an internal locus of control believe that their efforts and hard work pay off in rewards like good grades and a well-paying job. In contrast, those with an external locus of control believe that fate and others have control over what happens to them and thus they feel less powerful and unable to influence what they become or what happens to them. His early research in the 1950’s showed that in American society, white males were more likely to have an internal locus of control where women and minorities had higher external scores. Studies today show some changes in these statistics as more women and minorities have moved into positions of power.

The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach Principles of Learning and Behavior Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning Stimulus Generalization Stimulus Generalization Discrimination Discrimination Extinction Extinction

The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach Social-Learning Theory Modeling (Bandura) Modeling (Bandura) The social-learning process by which behavior is observed and imitated The social-learning process by which behavior is observed and imitated Locus of Control (Rotter) Locus of Control (Rotter) The expectancy that one’s reinforcements are generally controlled by internal or external factors The expectancy that one’s reinforcements are generally controlled by internal or external factors Self-Efficacy (Bandura) Self-Efficacy (Bandura) The belief that one is capable of performing the behaviors required to produce a desired outcome The belief that one is capable of performing the behaviors required to produce a desired outcome

The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach Perspectives on Cognitive Social Learning Theory Reciprocal Determinism Personality emerges from the mutual interactions of individuals, their actions, and their environments. Personality emerges from the mutual interactions of individuals, their actions, and their environments.

Dispositional-Trait Models of Personality Dispositions are the collective way an individual usually thinks and behaves Dispositions are the collective way an individual usually thinks and behaves Basic assumptions: Basic assumptions: 1. Each person has stable, long lasting traits 2. These traits appear in diverse situations and explain why people act in predictable ways both over time and in different situations 3. Each person has a unique pattern of traits

The Trait Approach The Building Blocks of Personality Trait Trait A relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way A relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way Five-factor Model (Allport) Five-factor Model (Allport) A model of personality that consists of five basic traits: A model of personality that consists of five basic traits: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness

Trait Theorists… Gordon Allport Gordon Allport 1. Cardinal Traits – dominates and shapes a person’s behavior. Rarely seen in individuals. Scrooge (greed), Joan of Arc (heroic self-sacrifice), Mother Teresa (religious service), Marquis de Sade (sadism), Machiavelli (political ruthlessness), Scrooge (greed), Joan of Arc (heroic self-sacrifice), Mother Teresa (religious service), Marquis de Sade (sadism), Machiavelli (political ruthlessness), 2. Central Traits – general and found in every person smart, dumb, wild, shy, sneaky, dopey, grumpy smart, dumb, wild, shy, sneaky, dopey, grumpy 3. Secondary Trait – private and only seen by close love ones and friends. They provide complexity. He gets angry when he is tickled, she cries when she smells flowers He gets angry when he is tickled, she cries when she smells flowers Theory is less concerned with explaining why and more concerned with describing how we differ Theory is less concerned with explaining why and more concerned with describing how we differ

Raymond Cattell Fluid and crystallized intelligences – Cognitive Fluid and crystallized intelligences – Cognitive 16 traits that are the source to an individuals behavior called “source traits”. 16 traits that are the source to an individuals behavior called “source traits”. Warmth, Reasoning, Emotional Stability, Dominance, Liveliness, Rule-Consciousness, Social Boldness, Sensitivity, Vigilance, Abstractness, Privateness, Apprehension, Openness to Change, Self-Reliance, Perfectionism, Tension Warmth, Reasoning, Emotional Stability, Dominance, Liveliness, Rule-Consciousness, Social Boldness, Sensitivity, Vigilance, Abstractness, Privateness, Apprehension, Openness to Change, Self-Reliance, Perfectionism, Tension The degree to which a person possesses each trait forms their unique personality profile The degree to which a person possesses each trait forms their unique personality profile

TABP Type A Behavior Pattern Type A Behavior Pattern Individual attempts to control other people, time, and events Individual attempts to control other people, time, and events excessive competitiveness and achievement orientation, excessive competitiveness and achievement orientation, time urgency and impatience, and time urgency and impatience, and easily aroused anger and hostility. easily aroused anger and hostility.

The Trait Approach Construction of Inventories Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) A large scale test designed to measure a multitude of psychological disorders and personality traits A large scale test designed to measure a multitude of psychological disorders and personality traits Most widely used personality instrument Most widely used personality instrument Now the MMPI - 2 Now the MMPI - 2 Used in clinical and employment settings Used in clinical and employment settings Easy to administer and relatively objective Easy to administer and relatively objective Caution should be used when interpreting the responses of people from different cultures Caution should be used when interpreting the responses of people from different cultures

The Trait Approach MMPI Score Profile Showing Clinical Scales The Trait Approach MMPI Score Profile Showing Clinical Scales

The Trait Approach Biological Roots of Personality The “Big Five” personality dimensions were measured in 168 pairs of identical twins and 132 pairs of fraternal twins. The “Big Five” personality dimensions were measured in 168 pairs of identical twins and 132 pairs of fraternal twins. Results suggest that personality differences in the population are 40 to 50% genetically determined. Results suggest that personality differences in the population are 40 to 50% genetically determined.

The Trait Approach Introversion and Extraversion This is one of the most powerful dimensions of personality and is seen in infants, adults, and all over the world. This is one of the most powerful dimensions of personality and is seen in infants, adults, and all over the world. Extravert Extravert A kind of person who seeks stimulation and is sociable and impulsive A kind of person who seeks stimulation and is sociable and impulsive Introvert Introvert A kind of person who avoids stimulation and is low-key and cautious A kind of person who avoids stimulation and is low-key and cautious

The Trait Approach Perspectives: Do Traits Exist? Personality Consistency Across the Lifespan Evidence indicates that personality is least stable during childhood. Evidence indicates that personality is least stable during childhood. The consistency of personality increases with age. The consistency of personality increases with age.

Assessing the trait perspective Researchers agree that personality can change over time yet it remains fairly consistent throughout social development Researchers agree that personality can change over time yet it remains fairly consistent throughout social development Consistency of behavior is not always predictable from one situation to the next Consistency of behavior is not always predictable from one situation to the next People do not act consistently and scores on personality tests are only mildly predictive of behavior in specific situations People do not act consistently and scores on personality tests are only mildly predictive of behavior in specific situations Useful as descriptive of behavior, however does not offer an explanation of the development of personality Useful as descriptive of behavior, however does not offer an explanation of the development of personality

The Humanistic Approach Perspectives on the Humanistic Approach Praise for the Humanistic Approach Praise for the Humanistic Approach For the idea that people are inherently good For the idea that people are inherently good For placing importance on conscious mental experience For placing importance on conscious mental experience For the idea that the self-concept is the heart of personality For the idea that the self-concept is the heart of personality Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach For taking people’s self-report statements at face value For taking people’s self-report statements at face value For being too optimistic about human nature and ignoring human capacity for evil For being too optimistic about human nature and ignoring human capacity for evil

Humanistic Theorists… Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs If basic human needs are fulfilled, people will strive to actualize to their highest potential If basic human needs are fulfilled, people will strive to actualize to their highest potential Self-actualization is the final psychological need and cannot be attained until basic physical and psychological needs are met Self-actualization is the final psychological need and cannot be attained until basic physical and psychological needs are met

The Humanistic Approach Abraham Maslow The State of Self-Actualization Csikszentmihalyi studied this, based on Maslow’s writings. Csikszentmihalyi studied this, based on Maslow’s writings. A state of “flow” arises when engaging in activities demanding skill and challenge, but are not too difficult. A state of “flow” arises when engaging in activities demanding skill and challenge, but are not too difficult. Flow, The Optimal Experience

Carl Rogers' Person Centered Perspective Self-actualization, a central theme, refers to the human's tendency to fulfill his/her human potential Self-actualization, a central theme, refers to the human's tendency to fulfill his/her human potential Unconditional Positive Regard is an attitude of total acceptance toward another Unconditional Positive Regard is an attitude of total acceptance toward another Conditional Positive Regard - The acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent upon one’s behavior Conditional Positive Regard - The acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent upon one’s behavior Person – Client Center Therapy Person – Client Center Therapy Self-concept is all thoughts and feelings about ourselves which answer the question "Who am I?" Self-concept is all thoughts and feelings about ourselves which answer the question "Who am I?"

The Humanistic Approach The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers

The Humanistic Approach Carl Rogers Self-Esteem A positive or negative evaluation of the self A positive or negative evaluation of the self Self-Schemas Self-Schemas Specific beliefs about the self that influence how people interpret self- relevant information Specific beliefs about the self that influence how people interpret self- relevant information

The Humanistic Approach Self-Esteem Self-Discrepancy Theory According to this theory, self-esteem is defined by the match between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves. According to this theory, self-esteem is defined by the match between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves.

Empathetic Statements Yes, I can see how that might be a concern for you. Could you tell me more about that? Yes, I can see how that might be a concern for you. Could you tell me more about that? It sounds as though you are handling things the best way that you know how. It sounds as though you are handling things the best way that you know how. Perhaps you would complete this “q-sort” for me; it’s a test that will give me an indication of how you view yourself now versus how you would like to be. Would you consider doing this? Perhaps you would complete this “q-sort” for me; it’s a test that will give me an indication of how you view yourself now versus how you would like to be. Would you consider doing this? We all have the innate drive to be the best we can be, or a drive toward self-actualization. After we look at the q- sort, perhaps we will know more about how to help you look to yourself for approval, rather than looking for approval from others. We all have the innate drive to be the best we can be, or a drive toward self-actualization. After we look at the q- sort, perhaps we will know more about how to help you look to yourself for approval, rather than looking for approval from others. I’m glad you can in today. I’m glad you can in today.

Theorist Presentation – Musts APA – Annotated Bibliography APA – Annotated Bibliography This is your research page This is your research page Partially completed Matrix Partially completed Matrix You must have three major points for all theorists!!!! Not just ones in presentation You must have three major points for all theorists!!!! Not just ones in presentation Dress the Part: Dress the Part: All Debaters - Professional All Debaters - Professional Everyone else – Business Casual Everyone else – Business Casual Reporters: Reporters: Have questions ready to go – All reporters will be graded on participation Have questions ready to go – All reporters will be graded on participation