NEXT Augustus (63 B.C. – A.D. 14), first Roman emperor. Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 B.C.– A.D. 500 Civilizations emerge and develop on fertile river plains in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China.

The Origins of Rome Section 1 – The Roman Republic Rome’s Geography Site of Rome chosen for its _________________________ and strategic location Located on the Italian peninsula in center of the __________________________________________ Built on seven hills on the __________________________ The First Romans ________________, _________________, and Etruscans compete for controlof region __________________ found original settlement of Rome between 1000 and 500 B.C. Etruscans native to __________________ Italy; influence Roman civilization

The Early Republic Early Rulers Around 600 B.C., __________________________ kings begin to rule Rome Kings build Rome’s first temples and _______________________________________ Romans overthrow cruel Etruscan king in 509 B.C. Romans found a ___________________ — government in which citizens elect leaders

The Early Republic Patricians and Plebeians Different groups struggle for power in early Roman Republic ___________________________ — wealthy landowning class that holds most of the power ___________________________ — artisans, merchants, and farmers; can vote, can’t rule ___________________________ — elected representatives protect plebeians’ political rights

The Early Republic Twelve Tables In 451 B.C. officials carve __________________________ on twelve tablets Called Twelve Tables, they become basis for later Roman law Laws confirm the right of all free citizens to _______________________________________________ Citizenship is limited to ____________________________ Twelve Tables are hung in the _______________________

The Early Republic Government Under the Republic Rome elects two ______________ — one to lead army, one to direct government _______________ — chosen from Roman upper class; makes foreign, domestic policy Democratic assemblies elect tribunes, which make laws for the common people __________________ are leaders appointed briefly in times of crisis The Roman Army Roman _________________ — military unit of 5,000 infantry; supported by cavalry Army is ______________ and is a key factor in Rome’s rise to greatness

Rome Spreads Its Power Rome Conquers Italy Romans defeat ___________________________ in north and ___________________ city-states in south By 265 B.C., Rome controls __________________ peninsula Conquered peoples treated _________________; this enables Rome to grow Rome’s Commercial Network Rome establishes a large _____________________ network Access to Mediterranean Sea provides many ___________________________________ ___________________, powerful city-state in North Africa, soon rivals Rome

War with Carthage Rome and Carthage begin the ______________________ — three wars between 264–146 B.C. _________________ defeats _________________________, and wins Sicily, in first 23-year war _____________________ — Carthaginian general—avenges defeat in Second Punic War He attacks Italy through ________________________ and _______________________, but doesn’t take Rome Rome Spreads Its Power Rome Triumphs Roman general ______________ defeats Hannibal in 202 B.C. Rome ________________ Carthage, and _________________ its people in the last war (149–146 B.C.)

The Republic Collapses Section 2 – The Roman Empire Economic Turmoil Gap between _____________ and ____________ widens as Roman Republic grows Farmers, many of whom were former soldiers, lose to large estates because of _________________________________; many become homeless Two tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius, try to help poor, are murdered Civil war—conflict between groups within same country begins

The Republic Collapses Julius Caesar Takes Control Military leader _____________________________ elected consul in 59 B.C. Caesar, Crassus, Pompey form a _________________________ — a group of three rulers Military victories give Caesar increasing popularity and __________ _______________________ fears Caesar’s growing power and challenges him Caesar defeats Pompey’s armies in ________________________, ____________________, _________________, _______________ Caesar is named dictator ___________________________ in 44 B.C. Military Upheaval Military becomes less __________________________ and disloyal Soldiers recruited from ___________________; show loyalty only to their generals

The Republic Collapses Caesar’s Reforms Caesar makes reforms: grants wider ____________________, creates jobs for ___________________ Group of senators opposes Caesar; kill him on ________________________________ – The Ides of March Beginning of the Empire 43 B.C., Caesar’s supporters take control; become __________________________________________ Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus alliance ends in ______________________, _______________________ In 31 B.C., Mark Antony and __________________________ forces are defeated at Actium Octavian accepts title of ____________________________, “exalted one,” and rules Rome

A Vast and Powerful Empire Pax Romana Under Augustus, Rome moves from a republic to an _______________________ Power no longer resides with citizens, but a _____________ ruler Rome enjoys ____________ years of peace and prosperity known as __________________________________ A Sound Government Augustus is Rome’s ablest ruler, creates a lasting ________________________________________________ -glorifies Rome with beautiful _______________________ -sets up a ___________________________________ to administer the empire

A Vast and Powerful Empire Agriculture and Trade Agriculture is the most important industry in the empire; ___________ of Romans farm _________________________, the denarius, makes trade within the empire much easier Rome has a vast trading network which includes ___________ and _______________ Network of Roman roads links empire to ______________, and ____________________

The Roman World Slaves and Captivity Slavery is a significant part of Roman life in both _________________ and _________________ Some slaves become _______________________ which are forced to fight to the death Gods and Goddesses Early Romans honor guardian spirits and gods Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva Worship of the _____________________ becomes part of official religion of Rome Society and Culture The rich live well, but most people are poor and receive daily rations of __________________ from the government 150 _____________________ and _______________________ events were created to control the masses

The Life and Teachings of Jesus Section 3 – The Rise of Christianity Romans Conquer Judea Rome conquers Judea, home of ____________________; makes it part of empire, A.D. 6 Many Jews believe a Messiah, or ____________________, eventually will free them Jesus of Nazareth Jesus—a Jew born in Bethlehem (around 6 to 4 B.C.), raised in Nazareth At age _______ begins preaching monotheism based on the Ten Commandments Does good works, reportedly performs _________________ Stresses personal relationship with _____________, love for ___________________ and ____________________

A Growing Movement _______________________________ — the twelve men who are disciples (or pupils) of Jesus Jesus ignores wealth and status; his message appeals to the _________________________ The Life and Teachings of Jesus Jesus’ Death Many Jews view Jesus as the Messiah; others see him as a _________________________ Roman governor ________________________ sentences Jesus to be crucified ______________________ believe Jesus ascended into heaven after death Christos, Greek word for “__________________”; Christianity derived from “Christ”

Christianity Spreads Through the Empire Growth of Christianity Followers spread _____________________________ — new religion based on Jesus’ teachings Paul’s Mission Apostle ___________________ — spends life preaching and interpreting Christianity Common languages of ___________________ and ___________________ help to spread message Paul stresses Jesus is ________________________________ who died for people’s sins Paul declares that Christianity is open to ________________________

Jewish Rebellion Jews rebel against Rome; Romans storm ______________________, destroy Temple Rebellions in A.D. 66, 70, 132 fail; Jews driven from homeland _______________________ — centuries of Jewish exile (from Greek word for “dispersal”) Christianity Spreads Through the Empire Persecution of the Christians Christians won’t worship _______________________; become enemies of Roman rule Roman rulers use Christians as ____________________ for hard times As Pax Romana crumbles, Christians are __________________, burned, or killed in the arena

A World Religion Christianity’s Expansion Christianity becomes powerful force; reasons for widespread appeal: embraces ________________________________ gives hope to the __________________________ appeals to those repelled by extravagance of ________________________ offers personal relationship with a _____________________ promises eternal ___________________________________

Constantine Accepts Christianity Constantine — Roman emperor battles for control of Rome in A.D. 312 Has a vision of the cross, a Christian symbol and places it on his soldiers’ ____________________ Believes Christian God helped him win the battle; he ______________________ Christianity In A.D. 380 Emperor Theodosius makes ___________________ the Christianity religion of the empire A World Religion

Early Christian Church Priests direct a single church; _____________________ supervise numerous churches Apostle ____________________ — first bishop of Rome; clergy trace their authority to him ________________ — the father, or head, of Christian Church; Rome, center of Church

A Single Voice Church leaders compile standard Christian beliefs in the _____________________________________ New Testament added to the Hebrew Bible (also called the ____________________________________) A World Religion The Fathers of the Church Early writers and scholars of these teachings are called ______________________________________________ _______________________, bishop in North Africa, is one of the most important Fathers Stressed receiving the _________________________ to obtain God’s grace Wrote famous book, _____________________________

A Century of Crisis Section 4 – The Fall of the Roman Empire The Empire Declines Pax Romana ends in A.D. 180 with death of emperor _____________________________________ Subsequent emperors unable to govern giant empire Rome’s Economy Weakens Hostile tribes outside the empire disrupt ______________ ________________ — drop in value of money and rise in prices—weakens trade Overworked _________________ and war-torn _____________________ leads to food shortages

A Century of Crisis Military and Political Turmoil By third century A.D. the Roman military is in turmoil; Soldiers loyal to _________________________, not Rome; commanders are fighting for ____________________ Government enlists _________________________ — foreign soldiers they pay to fight ________________ citizens lose interest in the affairs of Rome

Emperors Attempt Reform Diocletian Reforms the Empire In A.D. 284 Emperor Diocletian restores order, divides empire in _____________ Two emperors, one in the Greek-speaking ________________, and one in the Latin-speaking ____________________ In A.D. 305 Diocletian ___________, rivals compete for power Constantine Moves the Capital Constantine becomes emperor of _______________________ in A.D. 312 Seizes Eastern Empire in A.D. 324; moves Roman capital to __________________________________ Byzantium eventually renamed ______________________ — city of Constantine

The Western Empire Crumbles Germanic Invasions ____________________ nomads from Asia, the Huns, invade northern borders of empire Germanic tribes flee _______________, enter Roman lands, sack Rome A.D. 410 Attila the Hun Attila — unites the Huns in A.D. 444; plunders _____ cities in the East Attacks Rome in 452; _______________ and _____________ prevents victory An Empire No More Last Roman emperor falls to Germans in 476; end of Western Empire East thrives for another ___________ years (Byzantine Empire)

The Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization Section 5 – Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization A New Culture Emerges Romans adopt aspects of ___________ and _______________ culture Results in Greco-Roman culture, or ____________________ civilization Roman Fine Arts Romans develop bas-relief ___________________ to tell stories Artists skilled in creating ______________, & painting frescoes _______________ — a Roman town; ash from volcano eruption in A.D. 79 preserves art

Learning and Literature Romans borrow from ________________ philosophy and literature Poet Virgil writes epic Aeneid modeled after ______________ Greek epics Roman historian Tacitus excels in writing factually accurate _____________________ Annals and Histories provide comprehensive look at Roman life The Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization

The Legacy of Rome The Latin Language Latin was official language of Romam Catholic Church until 1900s Develops into French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian More than half the words in English stem from Latin Master Builders Romans pioneer use of arch; also used domes and concrete Create aqueducts—structures to bring water into cities, towns

The Legacy of Rome Roman System of Law Principles of Roman law form the basis of _____________________________________________ Rome’s Enduring Influence By preserving and adding to ________________ civilization, Rome strengthened the __________________ cultural tradition