Deputy Head, ESCAP-ENEA Regional Environmental Governance and North-East Asia Sangmin Nam, PhD Deputy Head, ESCAP-ENEA

Shared environmental resources Responding to Regional Environmental Challenges: Regional Environmental Governance Ecological Interdependence: geographical proximity, climatic contiguity and ecological interconnections Environmental Governance Mutual Vulnerability Common pool resources Shared environmental resources

Demarcating Boundary of a Region geographic proximity regularity and intensity of interactions shared perceptions of the region

Regional Environmental Governance: its status and role

Regional Environmental Governance: roles Minimizing Impacts from “Ecological Interdependence” International waters Transboundary air pollution Marine environment Supporting Global Environmental Governance GEG Clusters: biodiversity, atmosphere, land, chemicals and hazardous wastes, and regional seas Policy development & application, capacity building Supplementing National Asymmetric Conditions and Supporting Mutual Goals Policy development and capacity building for managing domestic environmental challenges

Environmental Governance: Actors and Factors State Actors Interplay of Interests Non-state Actors International organizations NGOs Epistemic communities Influence of Knowledge

REG in Asia and the Pacific Subregional Environmental Programme Institutionalized Interdependence (Subregional Political Body) Economic Interdepen- dence (Intra-trade) Ecological Interdepen- Legal and Political Level of Programme Formal Linkages with Other Programmes SACEP High (SAARC) Low (Over 5%) High Yes ASEAN High (ASEAN) Medium (20~25%) Medium NEASPEC Low High (about 35%) No SPREP High (Pacific Community, PI Forum) Low (n/a)

Formal REG Mechanisms in North-East Asia Mechanisms for Comprehensive Cooperation NEASPEC (North-East Asian Subregional Program for Environmental Cooperation) established in 1993, 6 countries TEMM (Tripartite Environment Ministers Meeting) of China, Japan and ROK in 1999, 3 countries Mechanisms for Governing the Commons NOWPAP (Northwest Pacific Action Plan) in 1994, 4 countries EANET (Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia) in 1998, 13 countries LTP (Joint Research Project on Long Range Air Pollutants) in 1995, 3 countries EABRN (East Asian Biosphere Reserve Network) in 1994, 6 countries

North-East Asian Subregional Programme for Environmental Cooperation (NEASPEC) Supporting joint efforts for advancing sustainable development in North-East Asia Transboundary Environmental Challenges Air pollution Dust and sandstorm Nature conservation Marine Protected Areas Economy - Environment Eco-efficiency Partnership

Rapid Urbanization, Industrialization and Low Eco-efficiency Source: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005wup.htm Source: IEA, 2013

North-East Asia: Major Source of GHG Emission

Response: Building Subregional Partnership on Low Carbon Cities Information sharing and communication platform Web-based platform for new initiatives, successful approaches, event updates Joint studies and assessments platform Comparative analysis on LCC development approach City strategy review platform Peer review of LCC plans and programmes Capacity building platform Matching demand and supply in capacity building

Low Carbon Cities - China Targets for Mitigating GHG Emissions mostly through Reducing Carbon Intensity Baoding 35% (2010-2020) Chengdu 35% (2010-2020) Hangzhou 50% (2005-2020) Jilin 60% (2005- 2030) Nanchang 38% (2005-2015) Shenzhen 45% (2005-2020) Tianjin 15.5% (2010-2015) Xiamen 40% (2005-2020) Guiyang 45% (2005-2020) Ten Pilot Cities for Green and Low Carbon Transportation Chongqing Shenzhen Nanchang Xiamen Hangzhou Guiyang Baoding Wuxi Wuhan Beijing

Heavy Impacts of Air Pollution

Transboundary Effects of Air Pollution

Response: technical assistance to multilateral mechanism 1996-2011 Technical assistance on air pollution mitigation 2010-2013 Identifying new NEASPEC approaches and programme 2014- Development of a subregional mechanism

Desertification Desertification in China: 2.62 million km2 , taking up 27% of the territory in 18 provinces. Desertification in Mongolia: More than 40% of the territory are arid and deserted. 90 % of the total territory are subject to desertification. Source of dust and sandstorms

Response: Supporting Mongolian Initiatives and Technical Cooperation with China 19

Mismatch of Political Borders and Habitats of Key Species Amur Leopard and Tiger

Response: Study on Transborder Movement of Amur Tigers and Leopards to fill Knowledge Gap Individual identification, genetic diversity, geographic distribution, etc. Transboundary movement Science-policy Gap Domestic policy measures for conservation Required technical and policy measures for transboundary cooperation

Connected Habitats of Migratory Birds and Disconnected Actions Habitats of migratory birds in the border areas of China, DPRK and Russia

Response: Conservation and Rehabilitation of Habitats for Key Migratory Birds in North-East Asia Improve the conservation status and promote the international cooperation for White-naped Crane, the Hooded Crane, and the Black-faced Spoonbill Strengthen bilateral and multilateral, and multi-level cooperation for migratory birds conservation in North- East Asia

Marine Resources: key source of conflicts Apprehended Chinese Fishing Vessels by ROK Authority Apprehended Korean Fishing Vessels

Response: Building Mechanism for Cooperation on Marine Biodiversity through North-East Asia MPA Network MAIA NAMPAN MEDPAN NEAMPAN CAMPAM RAMPAO WIOMSA