The Muslim Empires Chapter 18

1. What did you learn new about your person in completing your project? 2. What problems did you encounter? 3. Did you enjoy this project or no? 4. Tell me how you think your project went and what grade you should make?

Bellringer Answer Examining the Issues questions on pg 506

The Ottoman Empire Section:1 Chapter 18

Rise of the Ottoman Turks Anatolian Turks-ghazis (warriors for Islam) Osman-followers Ottomans Used gunpowder Okrhan I-declares himself sultan Captured Adrianople

Dramatic Expansion Timur the Lame halted expansion with the defeat at Ankara 1402 Mehmed II-1453 launched attack on Constantinople to gain control of Bosporus Strait Mehmed took the city after a 7 week battle and opened it to new citizens

Dramatic Expansion Selim the Grim 1514-defeated the Safavids Captured Mecca and Medina (Muslim Holy cities) Took Cairo- intellectual center

Empire reaches its limits Came to dominate eastern Mediterranean Conquered people of North African ports Advanced into Hungary and Austria

Expansion of the Empire used local leaders and appointed them as pashas to collect taxes, maintain the law, and report directly to the sultan’s

Highly structured Created a law code to handle criminal and civil action Simplified taxation Suleyman the Lawgiver

Rise of the Ottoman Turks 20,000 personal slaves made up palace bureaucracy Under the devshirme system, Captured/recruited from the local Christian population, converted to Islam, and trained as foot soldiers to protect and serve the sultan. Elite-janissaries (personal guard)

Granted freedom of religion to other communities Treated as millets or nations Allowed to practice own religions and laws

Cultural Achievements Suleyman was Renaissance man Employed Sinan, created Mosque of Suleyman Four schools, library, bath, hospital Art, painting, literature, poets flourished

Bell Work October 1 1. By what means did the early Ottomans expand their empire? 2.Why was Suleyman called the lawgiver? 3.How powerful was the Ottoman Empire compared to other empires of the time? Get your vocab out to check

Section 2 Cultural Blending: The Safavid Empire

The Safavid Empire A Shi’ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between 16 th and 18 th centuries Blended Persians, Ottomans, and Arabs

Cultural Blending Language Religion Styles of government Racial or ethnic blending Arts and Architecture

Isma’il Seized what is modern day Iran Established Shi’a Islam as the state religion Any citizen who did not convert was killed Was defeated by Selim Set border between empires: now Iraq/Iran Son Tahmasp adopted artillery

Shah Abbas Created Persian army and Christian army (like Janissaries) Promoted competent officials Industry grew bc he was tolerant of other religions

Shah Abbas Built new capital Esfahan Showplace for local and foreign artist Brought Chinese artisans to work with Safavid artist Blend of ideas Result: demand for Persian carpets with reflection of culturally blended ideas Became national industry

Decline Killed able sons Safi- incompetent grandson took throne Nadir Shah took over, but cruel With his death, 1747, empire fell

The Grandeur of the Moguls/ Muhgals Section 3

The Mogul Dynasty The founder of the Mogul Dynasty is Barbur. Brilliant general captured Delhi and established his power in the plains of North India.

The Reign of Akbar Barbur’s grandson Akbar came to the throne when he was 11 years old. Akbar equipped his armies with heavy artillery Appointed rajputs (leaders of local kingdoms as officers)

A Liberal Ruler Believed in religious freedom Married two Hindus, Christian, and Muslim Abolished taxes on Hindu and Jizya (tax on non-muslim) Income tax Gave land to bureaucrats but took it back after they died

Cultural Blending Hindi-mix of Persian and local Urdu-blend of several languages from soldiers Art flourished Masters of miniatures brought to court- Akbarnamah (book of Akbar) Tulsi Das-Indian Poem Ramayana

Successors Jahangir-wife Persian princess Nur Jahan Nur Jahan ruled, saw son Khusrau as her ticket to power Sikhs defended Jahangir’s son who had rebelled against him Sikhs leader, Guru Arjun, protected Khusrau but was killed Shah Jahan-successor-built the Taj Mahal in honor of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, died having 14 th child

Decline of an Empire Sha Jahan’s four sons scrambled for throne when he became ill Aurangzeb-executed older brother and jailed his father Oppressed Hindus and taxed them to pay for empire Hindu rajputs and Hindu militants called Marathas rebelled By end of his reign, all resources gone and power will eventually fall into the hands of Europeans

bellringer What is this monument? Where is it located? Why do you think so many people visit it each year?