The Scientific Revolution Out with the old, in with the new! Emphasis on reasoned observation and systematic measurement Changed the way people viewed the world and their place in it.

Causes of the Revolution  European Scholars translated many works by Muslim scholars.  Scholars uncovered ancient manuscripts. Led to questioning.  Exploration

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Copernicus ( )  Studied Planetary movement for 25 years  Developed the heliocentric theory, which countered the geocentric theory  Wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies vs.

Kepler ( )  Found that certain laws govern planetary motion. –Planets move in a elliptical orbit around sun - not circular.

Galileo ( )  Discovered the law of the pendulum. –Contradicted Aristotle's idea that the pendulum slows down as it nears its resting point  Discovered that falling objects accelerate at a fixed and predictable rate.  Developed the telescope  Proved the basis of Copernicus's findings were true!

Galileo vs. The Church  Because of his findings people began to question other beliefs about the church.  Summoned to Rome and faced the Inquisition. (1633)  He agreed that his ideas were false. *(under threat of torture)

Bacon and the Scientific Method  Criticized the medieval thinking.  He urged people to experiment  Scientific Method – a logical method of gathering and testing ideas.

Newton ( )  Found that the same force ruled the motions of the planets, the pendulum, and all other matter on earth and in space.  Proved the law of universal gravitation.

William Harvey ( )  Discovered Circulation of the blood.  By dissecting animals and humans, able to prove that the heart circulated the blood throughout the body.  Wrote Motions of the Heart and Blood in Animals

Show Video: Copernicus Past is Present tion&oq=coperni&gs_l=youtube.1.3.0l j ac.1.11.youtube.PUsL-wdKYNM

Importance of the scientific revolution  Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature –Formulation of the scientific method  Expansion of scientific knowledge How our body operates How we fit into a bigger universe How to improve technology to make our work, trade, travel, medicine, and minds better!

reason Believed human progress was possible through application of scientific knowledge and reason to issues of law and government. (applied scientific method to human behavior to predict the best outcome) For example, what do we know about the way people act that needs to be suppressed or encouraged for a government to work? Enlightenment Thinkers AKA…..The Age of Reason….

Thomas Hobbes  Wrote the Leviathan - necessity of a strong central authority to avoid the evil of discord and civil war.  Believed that humans were naturally selfish and wicked.  Humans exist in a primitive “state of nature” and consent to government for self-protection. Absolutism  Supports Absolutism - contradicts the ideas of the Constitution of the United States.

John Locke ( )  Wrote the Two Treatises of Government  People are sovereign and consent to government for protection of natural rights to life, liberty, and property.**  People have the right to rebel against an unjust government.  People are born free and equal. – Declaration of Independence ** Became the foundation of the Declaration of Independence: “Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness/property.”

Voltaire  Philosopher who stressed freedom of speech  Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism (know what that means?)  Believed in the separation of church and state.

Montesquieu  Wrote, The Spirit of Laws.  best form of government includes a separation of powers.  system of checks and balances.

checks and balances

Rousseau  Wrote The Social Contract  needed to be a contract between the people and their ruler.  Perfect government – direct democracy

Impacts and Outcomes of the Enlightenment Thinkers  Applied reason to the human world, as well as to the rest of the natural world  Stimulated religious tolerance  Fueled democratic revolutions around the world

Revolution!  Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution American Revolution ( )** French Revolution ( ) Latin American Revolutions **The Bill of Rights and Declaration of Independence incorporate Enlightenment ideas

Influence on the US Constitution  Checks and balances = protection from powerful government  Separation of powers  Protecting the rights of the individual  Separation of church and state (idea-not written)  Freedom of speech/religion  Direct Democracy

How do these ideas spread throughout Europe and the Americas?  Salons – places where the wealthy got together to discuss and socialize about current events and issues going on in Europe and America.  Printing Press – allowed for the development of the newspaper and the creation of the Encyclopedia.

Artists, Composers, and Writers  New emphasis on order and balance in the arts - artists borrowed heavily from classical Greece and Rome—baroque and neoclassical forms of art  New forms of literature were established. –The Novel

Johann Sebastian Bach  German Baroque Composer  Baroque – expanded the size, range, and complexity of instrumental performance

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart  Classical Composer from Austria.  style that encompassed the light and graceful along with the dark and passionate

Eugene Delacroix  French Romanceacism Painter - transition to the Romantic School of the nineteenth century

Miguel de Cervantes  First Novelist who wrote Don Quixote (the first novel!)

Technological Improvements = Stronger Economies!  All-weather roads improved year- round transport and trade.  Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport.  New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution).