© 2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Class Name, Instructor Name Date, Semester Lasley & Guskos, Criminal Investigation: An Illustrated Case Study Approach 1ed Chapter 9 HOMICIDE AND WOUNDING SCENES

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Differentiate between the types of homicide, murder, and wrongful death Describe how a homicide investigation is conducted Summarize how time of death is estimated Explain the use of evidence in death investigations Explain the various types of gunshot wounds CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Identify stabbing wounds and the sharp objects used to inflict them Describe other types of death investigations

Differentiate between the types of homicide, murder, and wrongful death Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to Complete the following Learning Outcomes

4 Homicide The killing of one human being by the act or omission of another

Murder: Unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought Manslaughter: The unlawful killing of a human being without malice aforethought vs. 5 Definitions

Murder v Manslaughter 6

7 History of Crime in America

Justified Homicide: Death of persons killed as the result of their own intentions or carelessness yet at the hands of another Excusable Homicide: Accidents where victims are responsible for their own death or a person is killed under legal and unavoidable circumstances vs. 8 Definitions

9 Nonhomicide Cannot be proven that the killing resulted from the act or omission of another (natural causes) Suicide is proven by evidence demonstrating the victim intended to take his/her own life

10 Homicide Classification Classification SingleDoubleTriple Mass murder Spree murder Serial murder

Describe how a homicide investigation is conducted Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to Complete the following Learning Outcomes

12 First Responder Duties Keep in touch with dispatch to receive updates Ascertain suspect information Coordinate activities of responding units, EMTs, and other personnel

13 Suspicious Death Investigations Persons dies at home although foul play is suspected On the job accidents Apparent suicides Self-defense or in the commission of a crime case

Summarize how time of death is estimated Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to Complete the following Learning Outcomes

Postmortem Indicators Corneal clouding—victim’s eyes remain open after death, mainly due to gravity and positioning of the body, a thin film appears over their eyes (within 3 hrs) Livor Mortis—discoloration of the skin that begins immediately after death Rigor Mortis—stiffening of the body for a brief time period following death Algor Mortis—cooling or warming of the body following death 15

Rigor Mortis 16

17 Decomposed Bodies Putrefaction—external decomposition of the body’s soft tissue Begins approx. 36 hours after death

Explain the use of evidence in death investigations Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to Complete the following Learning Outcomes

Evidence Collection

Skeletal Remains AGE: best determined by examining teeth GENDER: teeth and bones are larger for males than females ETHNICITY: difficult to determine, skull containing facial bones is best determinant

Skeletal Remains IDENTITY: remains are individualized to determine this APPEARANCE: facial and skeleton reconstruction assist in this area CAUSE OF DEATH: impressions, entry/exit bullet hole points, traces of metals can all assist in this determination

Explain the various types of gunshot wounds Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to Complete the following Learning Outcomes

Entry Wounds

Gunshot Scenes “Death by gunfire” When the bullet hits the human body, it produces an entry wound by piercing and stretching the skin when it first strikes An abrasion ring will be located at the entry wound Stippling/tattooing may also be found here In some cases a bullet wipe exits at the entry hole A bullet track shows the path of travel in the body 24

Evidence at Gun Scene 25

Gunshot Scenes An exit wound may also be located when following the bullet track Larger and more irregular than entry wounds Often has torn flaps on the skin from the exit Shooting distance can be determined by examining the entry wound Contact wounds can also be found The contact wound may display the imprint of the guns muzzle known as muzzle contusion 26

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Gunshot Scenes Type of weapon and shooting trajectory can be determined by the wound itself and its appearance Reentry wounds are created when a bullet enters one part of the body and then passes through another part of the body forming a second entry wound Multiple shots evidence requires a determination of if all bullets came from the same weapon 28

29 Shotgun Shootings Contact wounds Close wounds Intermediate wounds Distant wounds Shotgun choke Shotgun distance standards

30 Suicide Shootings 50% committed with revolvers 20% semiautomatic pistols 30% rifles and shotguns83% shot in the head 14% shot in chest2% abdomen

Suicide 31

Evidence at Suicide Scene 32

Identify stabbing wounds and the sharp objects used to inflict them Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to Complete the following Learning Outcomes

Stabbing Scenes Excessive bleeding from incision wounds or puncture wounds Stabbing victim’s hands and arms may show defense wounds Assess stab wound characteristics –wound marginal (edges of skin around wound) –wound length –wound width –wound depth 34

Straight Edge Weapons 35

Describe other types of death investigations Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to Complete the following Learning Outcomes

37 Blunt Force Trauma Scenes Contusions: bruising of the skin in areas where force is applied Avulsions: ripping or tearing of the skin produced by the impact of the trauma Artifacts: portions of skin torn from the body by the force of the trauma

38 Asphyxiation Scenes Where the body is deprived of the amount of oxygen necessary to sustain life, leading to unconsciousness and/or death— suffocation, chemical asphyxiation, strangulation

39 Suffocation Smothering Form of suffocation whereby air passages are externally blocked Choking The internal airway is blocked preventing oxygen from reaching the lungs Drowning Results from fluid entering the lungs Liquid asphyxia

40 Chemical Asphyxiation A result of chemicals, typically in a gas form that replace oxygen in or block it from the bloodstream. In most cases of suicide, it is from carbon monoxide.

41 Strangulation Often in combative cases of DV Manual Ropes, wires, cords, clothing, etc. Ligature Most suicidal in nature Hanging

Ligature Strangulation 42

Poisoning Scenes Most often recognized forms of poison scenes: –Drugs/narcotics/alcohol –Arsenic –Cyanide –Thallium –Aconitine –Atropine –Ricin 43

44 Homicide Typologies Contract homicide Gang homicide Kidnap homicide Drug related homicide Insurance inheritance homicide

45 Homicide Typologies Erotomania homicide Domestic homicide Authority homicide Extremist homicide Serial homicide

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Homicide is the killing of one human being by the act or omission of another. Murder and manslaughter are illegal forms of homicide, whereas self-defense is a legal form of homicide. Murder is the act of killing with intent and a criminal state of mind known as malice aforethought, which is the desire to inflict death or great bodily harm. Murder is usually classified as either first-degree (premeditated) or second-degree (not premeditated) in seriousness under the law. Manslaughter is homicide that is not committed with malice aforethought, but rather through neglectful or reckless behavior. Postmortem indicators include livor mortis (lividity), rigor mortis, and algor mortis. They generally are used to determine certain death of an individual and can be useful for reconstructing homicides. CHAPTER SUMMARY

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Gunshot wounds can be produced by rifles, pistols, and shotguns. Firearms expelling bullets produce fairly recognizable wound patterns when fired at various distances from the shooting victim. The estimated distance from which a bullet is fired is classified in one of four categories: contact, close, intermediate, and distant. Contact shots produce torn appearing, stellate entry wounds and result from a firearm’s muzzle being placed directly on the skin. Close and intermediate shots show heavy and lighter gunshot residue, respectively, on the outside of the entry wound. Distant shots show no gunshot residue on the entry wound. Shotgun wounds are similarly identified, but when these shots are taken at greater distances they usually have larger entry wounds with signs of pellets entering the skin around the main entry wound. CHAPTER SUMMARY

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved CHAPTER SUMMARY Stabbing wounds are usually classified as incisions (caused by a knife or similar object) and punctures (resulting from a long, thin, sharp object such as an ice pick). Most homicidal stabbings are localized to the torso, neck, upper arms, or head. The exact type of instrument used in a stabbing can be determined by examining the wound’s width, length, and depth. These characteristics of stab wounds can also be used to determine whether one or more different stabbing instruments were used in an attack—suggesting multiple attackers assaulting a homicide victim.

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved CHAPTER SUMMARY Death by asphyxiation can come about in numerous ways, but all of these can be classified into three categories: suffocation, chemical asphyxiation, and strangulation. Suffocation occurs when air passages necessary for respiration are obstructed, preventing the blood from being replenished with oxygen. Included in this form of asphyxia are deaths by smothering, choking, and drowning. When death occurs by chemical asphyxiation, gases and other deleterious foreign agents entering the bloodstream prevent oxygen from being absorbed into the bloodstream. Most common among these situations are deaths caused by the inhalation of automobile exhaust fumes, resulting in carbon monoxide poisoning. Strangulation involves physically restricting flow of oxygen-carrying blood to the brain, vital organs, and extremities—as occurs in hanging.