Warm-up: 5 minutes 1) Give the complementary DNA sequence for: A T G C C C T A T A A G 2) What is DNA made up of? 3) Think back to our unit on MACROMOLECULES….what is the building block of a protein? T A C G G G A T A T T C Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, base) Amino Acids

O BJECTIVE SWBAT: investigate protein synthesis in order to explain how a gene is used to express a physical trait. Today’s KEY Questions: 1. How are proteins CREATED? 2. How is DNA related to proteins? ?p=protein+synthesis&vid=c638ded6ce7033f02cda4c9f3944c7b5&l=3%3A35&turl=http%3A%2F%2Fts1.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DVN %26pid%3D15.1&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F &tit=Introduction+to+%3Cb%3EProtein+Synthesis%3C%2Fb%3E&c=12&sigr=10pn7lup0&sigt=118cv3cri&age= &fr2=p%3As%2Cv%3Av%2Cm%3Asa&fr=yfp-t-326-s&tt=b

S O …DNA MAKES US WHO WE ARE BUT HOW???? Recall: DNA holds the code! This code is used to eventually make PROTEINS!!!! PROTEINS are what makes us LOOK the way we LOOK! Today’s KEY Questions: 1. How are proteins CREATED? 2. How is DNA related to proteins?

DNA AND RNA ARE NEEDED TO MAKE PROTEINS ! Protein synthesis is the process of making proteins. More specifically, protein synthesis is: DNA sending information to RNA to make a protein A → RNA → Protein DNA RNA Step 1Step 2

Big Picture Protein Synthesis:  Transcription  Translation

L ET ’ S R EVIEW A FEW THINGS … 1) What is a gene? 2) What are genes made of? 3) What are the building blocks of proteins? Part of DNA that codes for a specific trait DNA Amino Acids

Proteins are what create your PHYSICAL Traits.. What is the relationship between the following key terms?: physical traits DNA genes proteins _____ → ______ → _________ → _________ DNAgenes proteins Physical traits

PART 1: W HAT ARE THE MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA? 1. Strand #: SINGLE-stranded DOUBLE-stranded 2. Sugar:RIBOSE DEOXYribose 3. Bases:Cytosine, Guanine, Cytosine, Guanine Adenine, URACIL Adenine, Thymine RNA DNA

C pairs with G and A pairs with U

3 T YPES OF RNA… 1.Messenger RNA (mRNA) 2.Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3.Transfer RNA (tRNA) Each type has a specific ROLE in the cell!

C HECK FOR UNDERSTANDING ! DNA or RNA?! 1.AATCGTAATGCA ______________ Why? _________________________________________ 2) CGGUGACCAUGG _____________ Why? _________________________________________ DNA RNA Because it has the base T (thymine) Because it has the base U (Uracil)

V ENN D IAGRAM Using a PENCIL, complete the Venn Diagram that compares DNA and RNA. You may work with a partner – BOTH of you are filling it out. You (of course) can use your notes!

W ARM -U P : 5 MINUTES 1) List 3 ways DNA and RNA are different.  Different: type of sugar, thymine vs. uracil, strand number, RNA has 3 types 2) List 2 ways they are the same.  Same: made up of nucleotides, G/A/C 3) What is protein synthesis?  The process of making a protein  DNA to RNA to a protein

Big Picture Protein Synthesis:  Transcription  Translation

S TEP 1: TRANSCRIPTION DNA is transcribed into mRNA This happens inside the nucleus. DNA CAN NEVER LEAVE THE NUCLEUS! Why not?? _______________ Occurs in the _________________ Process of Transcription: DNAmRNA nucleus transcription Step 1: Double stranded DNA “unzips” Step 2: RNA bases bond to the DNA strand **Remember RNA uses U NOT T 12 Is when… Put it in your own words

T RANSCRIPTION ….

C HECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 1.What is the major end result of transcription? 2.Where does the process of transcription occur? mRNA Nucleus

T RANSCRIPTION P RACTICE – 8 MINUTES

Big Picture Protein Synthesis:  Transcription  Translation

A FTER TRANSCRIPTION … There is a new mRNA strand that was made from the DNA! The mRNA is ready to leave the nucleus But…where is it going???

S TEP 2: RNA MAKES PROTEINS THROUGH TRANSLATION Occurs at the ________________ __ mRNAprotein ribosome translation At the ribosome the mRNA is translated into proteins (amino acids) through the process of TRANSLATION. RNA helpers: 1.rRNA: makes the ribosome 1. tRNA: brings the CORRECT amino acids to the ribosome

P ROCESS OF TRANSLATION 1. mRNA leaves the nucleus and finds the ribosome 1. A set of 3 mRNA bases is called a CODON. Each codon “codes” for a single AMINO ACID. AAG UUA CGC TUG CODONS! You try! How many codons are in the mRNA strand?

3) A tRNA molecule brings in the CORRECT amino acid for each codon.  The tRNA is complimentary to the mRNA and is called the anti-codon. 4) Eventually a chain of amino acids is created. This is a PROTEIN!

mages/Codon_Chart.gif

Every codon “codes” for a specific AMINO ACID (protein building block)…. What amino acids do the following codons code for? AUG: Methionine (Start)CUG:Leucine ACC: Threonine UAG:Stop You try! GUU: ____ AGU: ______CCU: ______UAU: __________ valineserineprolinetyrosine

Label the following: - mRNA - tRNA - Amino Acid Amino acid tRNA mRNA

C HECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 1.What is the major end result of translation? 2.Where does the process of translation occur? protein Ribosome

Translation Practice

The correct tRNA molecule will bind to the mRNA and attach an amino acid in the correct sequence The order of the amino acids determines what protein is made!!! Which comes first, TRANSCRIPTION or TRANSLATION? Important Review Points… TRANSCRIPTION!!

Big Picture Protein Synthesis:  Transcription  Translation

O N D RY ERASE BOARDS : W HAT COMES FIRST ?... Transcription or Translation? mRNA or protein? DNA or protein? DNA or mRNA? Process at the RIBOSOME or process at the NUCLEUS? Transcription mRNA DNA NUCLEUS!

A NSWER THESE QUESTIONS ON A NOTECARD

V IDEO CLIP OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS … Journey inside the cell