 What is the difference between malfeasance and misfeasance? Give an example.  What 3 things need to be established to prove negligence?

 Anatomical Planes › Frontal ( ) -Divides the body into anterior (ant) and posterior (post) › Sagittal- Divides the body into and sides › - Divides the body into a top and bottom

 Universal for all healthcare professionals  Arms extended, palms forward

Frontal/Coronal- Blue Sagittal- Purple Transverse- Yellow

 Anterior (ant)- front  Posterior (post)- back  Medial (med)- towards the  Lateral (lat)- from midline  Proximal- closer to  Distal- further from  Superior- above  Distal-  Superficial- towards the surface  Deep- away from the surface

 Athlete has pain on the medial knee proximal to the joint line  The elbow is proximal to the hand  In anatomical position the palms face anteriorly  The cut was superficial and did not require stitches

 First line of defense against external forces  Epidermis- most layer  Dermis- second layer;  Hypodermis- Also can be called the ; helps hold skin to bone and muscle tissue

 Bones are the of the body  Three functions of bones 1. Protect organs such as the brain, heart, lungs, and others. Also protects nerves and blood vessels. 2. Help create when muscles act on them. 3. Metabolically active; produce blood cells and stores vital minerals such as

 Approximately bones in the body  Skeleton is identified into two categories: 1. Axial- spine, thorax and skull 2. Appendicular- extremities

 Types of bones: 1. Long - femur 2. Short- metacarpal 3. Flat- scapula 4. Irregular- vertebra

 Composition of bone › Compact- outside layer › Cancellous- inner layer; more porous

 Parts of the bone: › Epiphysis  Composed mainly of and contains the epiphyseal (growth) plate › Diaphysis  Main shaft of the bone  Composed of with a marrow cavity and Haversion Canals for blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

 Parts of the Bone Continued… › Articular Cartilage  At the end of the bone to help absorb shock and allow smooth movement at joints › Periosteum  Dense, white, fibrous membrane that surrounds ; contains vessels and other healing agents

 Injuries to bones: 1. Fractures (Fx) 2. Epiphyseal Conditions

 Fractures occur from an external force and can be or. › Direct: Fx occurs where force is applied › Indirect: Fx occurs away from applied force › Example: Dropping a weight on your foot is a direct force. Landing from a jump that ends in a fracture is indirect.

 Fractures typically classified as closed or open ( )  Types of Fractures 1. Greenstick- Incomplete, typically occurs in a whose bones have not ossified 2. - Bone breaks into 3+ pieces 3. Linear- Breaks/splits along length 4. Transverse- Perpendicular to the bone 5. Oblique- Diagonal; occurs from a. 6. Spiral- S-shaped separation

 Types of Fracture Continued 7. Impacted- Bone is. 8. Avulsion- Bone fragment is pulled away by. 9. Blowout- Wall of the eye 10. Depressed- Most often in, that is caused by a blunt force 11. Contrecoup- Side opposite of direct force

 Epiphyseal › Injury to growth plate at the end of.  Salter-Harris Classification: › Type I- Complete separation with no fx › Type II- Growth plate separation with small portion of metaphysis › Type III- Fx of the physis › Type IV- Fx of a portion of physis and metaphysis › Type V- Crushing force; no seperation

 The purpose of muscles is to allow the body to create, stop movement, accelerate, decelerate, and maintain.

 Types of Muscles: › Skeletal- made of. › Sphincter- reduce size of openings › - includes cardiac muscle; found on the walls of organs such as stomach, intestines, and blood vessels

 Remember musculo- muscle, skeletal bone  Tendons vs. Ligaments › Tendons attached to and have more elasticity › Ligaments attach to and have very little elasticity.

 Three types of Joints 1. Diarthrodial 2. Amphiarthrodial 3. Synarthrodial

 Diarthrodial Joints (Synovial Joints) ›. › Consist of a joint capsule, synovial membrane, hyaline cartilage, and ligaments. › Examples:  Hinge Joint-.  Ball and Socket Joint-.

 Amphiarthrodial Joint (Cartilaginous Joint) › Cartilage attaching two bones together. › Example: Ribs attaching to the sternum

 Synarthrodial Joints (Fibrous Joint) › Held together by tough. › Very little to no. › Example: Skull

 Voluntary- conscious control of movement  Involuntary- Automatic movement that related to life sustaining functions such as the heart, blood vessels and intestines

 Flexion (flex)- bending the joint  Extension (ext)- straigthening  Abduction (abd)- away from midline  Adduction (add) - towards midline  Pronation - turning inwards (hand)  Supination- turning out (hand)  Inversion (inv) - turning inwards (foot)  Eversion (ev) - turning outwards (foot)

 Rotation (rot) - turning on an axis  Internal Rotation (IR) - rot in to the body  External Rotation (ER) - rot away from body  Protraction - gliding forwards  Retraction - gliding backwards  Circumduction - ball-and-socket jt moving in multiple directions (circular)  Elevation - moves superior  Depression - moves inferior  Opposition - thumb meets pinky