© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 4 Tissues and Membranes

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Tissues Tissues are groups of cells –Each perform a special function –Four main types Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Epithelial Tissue - Covering and Lining Squamous epithelial cells –Flat irregularly shaped cells Cuboidal epithelial cells –Cubed-shaped cells Columnar epithelial cells –Elongated, nucleus near the bottom of the cell

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Epithelial Tissue - Glandular and Secretory Endocrine gland cells –Form ductless glands that secrete substances (hormones) Exocrine gland cells –Secrete substances directly into ducts

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Connective Tissue - Adipose Stores lipid (fat) Acts as filler tissue Cushions, supports, and insulates the body

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Connective Tissue - Areolar (Loose) Semifluid matrix Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells and white blood cells Fibers: collagen and elastin Surrounds various organs, skin and subcutaneous layer with adipose tissue

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Connective Tissue - Dense Fibrous Ligaments Tendons Aponeuroses Fasciae

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Connective Tissue - Supportive Osseous (bone) tissue Intracellular matrix contains deposits of mineral salts Cartilage –Hyaline –Fibrocartilage –Elastic cartilage

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Connective Tissue - Vascular (Liquid Blood Tissue) Blood –Plasma and cellular components Lymph –Contains water, glucose, proteins, fats, salts and other tissue components

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscle Tissue Cardiac (striated, involuntary, only in the walls of the heart) Skeletal (striated voluntary) Smooth (nonstriated involuntary)

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nervous Tissue Neurons found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves Irritability –ability to respond to environmental changes Conductivity –ability to carry a nerve impulse

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Effects of Aging on Tissue (1 of 2) Cells become larger and less able to divide and reproduce Increase in pigments and lipids inside cells Waste products accumulate in the tissue –Cell membranes change and carbon dioxide and wastes have difficulty getting out

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Effects of Aging on Tissue (2 of 2) Lipofusion collects (fatty brown pigment) Connective tissue becomes progressively stiff Increased difficulty receiving oxygen and nutrients Many tissues lose mass and atrophy

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Membranes Two thin layers of tissue together form a membrane Epithelial membranes –mucous or serous Connective membranes

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Epithelial Membranes (1 of 2) Mucous membranes-lubricates and protects –Respiratory mucosa– respiratory passages –Gastric mucosa – lines the stomach –Intestinal mucosa – small and large intestine

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Epithelial Membranes (2 of 2) Serous membranes (parietal and visceral) Double walled membrane that produces a watery fluid –Pleural membrane – lines the thoracic cavity –Pericardial membrane – lines the heart cavity –Peritoneal membrane – lines the abdominal cavity Cutaneous membranes (skin) –see Chapter 5

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 4-1 Mucous and serous membranes

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Connective Membranes Synovial membrane –Two layers of connective tissue Lines joint cavities Secretes synovial fluid, which prevents friction inside the joint cavity

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Organs An organ is tissues grouped together to form a specific function Organs coordinate their activities to form a complete functional organism Organ system –Group of organs that acts together to perform a specific, related function –Example: digestive system

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Organ Systems (1 of 2) Skeletal Muscular Digestive Respiratory Circulatory

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Organ Systems (2 of 2) Excretory Nervous Endocrine Reproductive Integumentary

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Tissue and Organ Transplant Blood transfusions are an example of a tissue transplant All transplants (tissue and organs) must be cross-matched so recipient’s immune system will not attack the donated organ Rejection is main problem in organ transplants Major issue: decline in the number of living donor organs

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disease and Injury to Tissue Infection –Invasion of a microorganism causing disease Inflammation –Results in pain, redness, swelling and loss of motion Trauma Abnormal growth of cells Birth defects

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Tissue Repair Primary repair –Fluid escapes from the damaged tissue, then dries and seals the wound, forming a protective scab Secondary repair –Formation of granulation tissue –Bactericidal fluid is secreted that reduces the risk of infection –Scar formation depends on the extent of tissue damage