GDM مخاطر الحمل عند مريضات السكري د. منى دكر. GDM.

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GDM مخاطر الحمل عند مريضات السكري د. منى دكر

GDM

Pathogenesis of GDM Pregnancy is Diabetogenic condition A Wonderful Metabolic Stress Test Placental Diabetogenic Hormones –Progesterone, Cortisol, GH –Human Placental Lactogen (HPL), Prolactin Insulin Resistance (IR), ↑  cell stimulation Reduced Insulin Sensitivity up to 80% Impaired 1 st phase insulin, Hyperinsulinemia Islet cell auto antibodies (2 to 25% cases) Glucokinase mutation in 5% of cases 4

GDM Pathophysiology-placenta(2) The decreased insulin sensitivity is the key for the mechanism of GDM. For GDM, there are no placental hormones after delivery of placenta, so the insulin sensitivity and the blood glucose levels would be restored to the normal.

GDM The impacts between pregnancy and diabetes The pregnancy and diabetes can impact each other. On one hand, the pregnancy can aggravate the diabetes. On the other hand, diabetes can exert adverse effects on the pregnant effects.

GDM Normal Glucose Tolerance 7

GDM Abnormal GT in GDM 8

GDM What medical problems should you consider in a diabetic pregnant?

GDM Preexisting diabetes in pregnancy Type 1 DM ( IDDM) Type 2 DM (NIDDM)

GDM Acceleration of retinopathy Pregnancy induced hypertension Progression of Nephropathy

GDM

Chronic Complications: Retinopathy Diabetic retinopathy, the leading cause of blindness between ages 24 and 64, is the most common vascular complication in pregnancy. Development in pregnancy is rare; however, the rate of progression doubles in pregnancy. Postpartum regression of diabetic retinopathy usually occurs and warrants close follow-up.

GDM DM Nephropathy Renal function may deteriorate in more sever disease Prone to pre-eclampsia BP target <130/80 Stop ACE inhibitors and ARBs may cause fetal anuria, pulmonary hypoplasia, oligohydramnios

GDM Chronic Complications: Nephropathy Diabetic nephropathy is a progressive disease that affects 20 percent to 40 percent of individuals with diabetes and 5 percent to 10 percent of all pregnancies. Without intervention, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) results.

GDM Chronic Complications: Nephropathy (Continued) For women with overt nephropathy, a registered dietitian is consulted to help restrict daily protein intake. Nephropathy significantly affects perinatal morbidity and mortality; it increases the risk of preeclampsia, nephrotic syndrome, preterm birth, stillbirth and fetal growth restriction.

GDM Chronic Complications: Neuropathy Diabetic neuropathies cause damage to the peripheral motor, sensory and autonomic nerves; individuals with type 1 and type 2 disease are affected. Pregnant women face an increased risk of neuropathy directed at the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. Pregnancy does not appear to accelerate neuropathy progression.

GDM Preexisting DM in pregnancy Effect of pregnancy on pre-existing DM Increase requirement for insulin doses Nephropathy, autonomic neuropathy may deteriorate Progress in diabetic retinopathy (2X) Hypoglycemia Diabetic ketoacidosis Polyhydramnios – fluid < 2000 ml

GDM Ketoacidosis Although it affects only approximately 1 percent of diabetic pregnancies, ketoacidosis remains one of the most serious complication. The incidence of fetal loss is about 20 percent with ketoacidosis. Pregnant women usually have ketoacidosis with lower blood glucose levels than when nonpregnant.

GDM Acute Complications: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) DKA is an uncommon, but life-threatening, complication associated with pregestational diabetes. It occurs in 1 percent to 4 percent of pregnancies affected by PGD. An absolute or relative insulin deficiency causes DKA.

GDM Acute Complications: DKA (Continued) DKA occurs more often in women with type 1 diabetes, but it can occur in women with type 2 diabetes. It does not occur in women with GDM. Women in DKA are managed in a critical-care unit with obstetric involvement. The focus of DKA prevention is education of the pregnant woman.

GDM Preeclampsia Preeclampsia is related to glucose control. Hypertension that is induced or exacerbated by pregnancy is the major complication that most often forces preterm delivery in diabetic women.

GDM Diabetes in Pregnancy: Avoiding Complications Advances in diagnosis and treatment have dramatically reduced morbidity and mortality in both mothers and infants 1,2 Preconception care Renal impairment, cardiac disease, neuropathy 3 Careful evaluations at each visit 1 st trimester through 1 st year postpartum Examine active lesions more frequently1 Regular ophthalmologic exams Target: systolic BP mmHg; diastolic BP mmHg Lifestyle changes, behavior therapy, and pregnancy-safe medications (ACE inhibitors and ARBs contraindicated in pregnancy) 3 Hypertension management 1. AACE. Endocr Pract. 2011;17(2): Jovanovic L, et al. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(1): Jovanovic L, et al. Mt Sinai J Med. 2009;76(3): ADA. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(suppl 1):S11-S66.

GDM

Preexisting DM in Pregnancy Fetal 1. increase risk of congenital abnormalities sacral agenesis, congenital heart disease, neural tube defects Hba1c level Risk normal not increased <8% 5% >10% 25 %

GDM Preexisting DM in Pregnancy 2. Perinatal mortality (excluding congenital abnormality ) 2 fold increased 3. Increase risk of sudden unexplained intrauterine fetal death.

GDM الاختلاطات الجنينية 1- التشوهات الخلقية : - كانعدام الجمجمة - شوك مشقوق - استسقاء دماغ - تشوهات قلبية - كلية كيسية - تبادل منشأ الاوعية الكبيرة - قيلة سحائية نخاعية. - لقد أصبح من الثابت ازدياد نسبة التشوهات الخلقية عند الجنين مع الحمل السكري. - تبين من خلال 48 دراسة بين عامي 1930 – 1964 أن نسبة التشوهات 4.8% بالمقارنة مع 1.7% عند غير السكريات. - كما أظهرت بقية الدراسات أن النسبة عند السكريات كانت أكثر 2-4 مرات من الطبيعي. - اذا هناك علاقة واضحة بين درجة ضبط السكر قبل الحمل و في المراحل المبكرة منه و بين نسبة التشوهات ، ففي دراسة ميللر كانت نسبة التشوهات 22% عندما كان تركيز الخضاب الغلوكوزي 8.5% لتنخفض الى 3% عندما يصبح تركيز الخضاب الغلوكوزي أقل من 8.5%

GDM CNS6.4%18.4% Congenital heart disease7.5%21.0% Respiratory disease2.9%7.9% Intestinal atresia0.6%2.6% Anal atresia1.0%2.6% Renal & Urinary defect3.1%11.8% Upper limb deficiencies2.3%3.9% Lower limb deficiencies1.2%6.6% Upper + Lower spine0.1%6.6% Caudal digenesis0.1%5.3% Normal DM Major Adverse Health Effects

GDM Congenital Anomalies - DM Control Maternal HbA1c levels < 7.2Nil % % > % Critical periods weeks post conception Need pre-conceptional metabolic care

GDM الاختلاطات الجنينية 2- اسقاطات الحمل المبكرة : - لقد ذكر الكثيرين أن اسقاطات الحمل المبكرة تزداد عند الحامل السكرية. - ففي دراسة على 303 حامل سكرية لوحظ أن نسبة الاسقاطات 12.4% عندما يكون تركيز الخضاب الغلوكوزي 9.3% لترتفع الى 37.9% عندما يكون تركيز الخضاب الغلوكوزي 14.4%.

GDM Maternal hyperglycemia | Fetal hyperglycemia | Fetal pancreatic beta-cell hyperplasia | Fetal hyperinsulinaemia | Macrosomia,organomegaly, polycythaemia, hypoglycemia, RDS

GDM الاختلاطات الجنينية 3- العرطلة الجنينية : - ان الضبط السيء للسكر في الثلثين الثاني و الثالث للحمل يترافق بزيادة في نمو ووزن الجنين و يعزى السبب في ذلك الى : * زيادة امداد الجنين بالمادة الغذائية الأساسية اللازمة للنمو مثل الغلوكوز و الحموض الأمينية و الحموض الدسمة. * زيادة افراز الأنسولين عند الجنين و الذي يؤدي بدوره الى زيادة عمليات البناء و زيادة توضع الشحوم في الأنسجة المعتمدة على الأنسولين مثل الكبد و الثرب و الفخذين. - و قد أظهرت الدراسات وجود علاقة واضحة بين حجم الجنين و بين تركيز السكر بعد الطعام خلال الثلث الأخير من الحمل بشكل أدق و أقوى من العلاقة مع تركيز السكر على الريق أو مع الخضاب الغلوكوزي مما يؤكد ضرورة الضبط الجيد للسكر طيلة النهار.

GDM

Macrosomia Birth weight > 4000 g - 90 th percentile GA ↑ Intrapartum feto-maternal trauma Increased need for C- Section 20 – 30% of infants of GDM – Macrosomic Maternal factors for Macrosomia –Uncontrolled Hyperglycemia –Particularly postprandial hyperglycemia –High BMI of mother –Older maternal age, Multiparity 35

GDM

Perinatal Complications: Macrosomia Hypoglycemia Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) Hypocalcemia Hyperbilirubinemia Polycythemia

GDM الاختلاطات عند الوليد 1- متلازمة داء العسرة التنفسية : - تحدث بسبب النقص في نضج الرئتين عند الوليد و تكثر عند ولدان الأم السكرية و في حالات الخداج ، و يعزى السبب عند السكريات الى السلسلة التالية : نقص تركيب مادة السورفاكتانت زيادة افراز الأنسولين عند الجنين زيادة سكر الدم عند الأم و الجنين و بالتالي انخماص الحويصلات الرئوية و حدوث داء العسرة التنفسية

GDM الاختلاطات عند الوليد 2- نقص السكر عند الوليد : - هو انخفاض سكر الدم عند الوليد الى أقل من 40 ملغ / دل - تبدأ الأعراض بالظهور اذا انخفض السكر الى 30 ملغ / دل وهي عبارة عن الخمول و ضعف الارضاع و الاختلاجات. - يحدث نقص السكر بعد الولادة 1-3 أيام ، و تقدر نسبته ب 30% - 50% و قد لوحظ أن ضبط الجيد للسكر يؤدي الى انخفاض في تلك النسبة. - تفسر آلية انخفاض سكر الدم عند الوليد بزيادة افراز الأنسولين عند الجنين و الوليد الناجم عن سوء ضبط سكر الدم عند الأم الحامل.

GDM الاختلاطات عند الوليد 3- نقص الكلس عند الوليد : - يحدث بنسبة 7% و تتحسن هذه النسبة مع تحسن ضبط السكر عند الحامل. - و من العوامل المسؤولة عن انخفاض الكلس : * الاضطراب في وظيفة الغدد مجاورات الدرق بسبب نقص المغنيزيوم الذي يطرح عن طريق الكلية في حالات الضبط السيء للسكر.

GDM الاختلاطات عند الوليد 4- احمرار الدم : - يلاحظ بنسبة 7% في السكري الحملي بينما يلاحظ بنسبة 11% في السكري ما قبل الحملي و لا يلاحظ عند ولدان الأمهات الطبيعيات. - و يعزى السبب الى : * نقص الأكسجة المزمن عند الجنين بسبب قصور المشيمة المزمن. * زيادة الأنسولين عند الجنين و الذي بدوره يحرض على افراز الاريتروبيوتين من الكلية.

GDM الاختلاطات عند الوليد 5- رضوض الوليد : - ان جنين الأم السكرية و بسبب العرطلة يصاب برضوض متعددة أثناء الولادة. - مثل كسور العضد و الترقوة و رضوض الدماغ و نقص الأكسجة. - و تنخفض نسبة هذه الاختلاطات كلما كان ضبط السكر جيد و كلما تم تدبير المخاض بشكل جيد ايضا.

GDM Shoulder Dystocia 45 Erb’s palsy

GDM Minor Adverse Health Effects Birth Wt (g)3303±643649± ±72 <0.01 Macrosomia(%)83647<0.01 C-S 51014<0.01 Hypoglycemia 22852<0.01 Hypocalcemia 0 4 7<0.01 Hyperbilirubinemia152321<0.01 Polycythemia 0 711<0.01 Cord C-Pep 1.18± ± ±0.22 <0.01 Cord Glu 100± ± ±5.5 <0.01 NormalGDMDMP

GDM Gestational Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Risk Gestational Diabetes should be considered a pre-diabetes condition Women with gestational diabetes have a 7-fold future risk of type 2 diabetes vs.women with normoglycemic pregnancy Lancet, 2009, 373(9677):

GDM Risk of T2DM after GDM IGT and T2DM after delivery in 40% of GDM R.R of T2DM for all with GDM is 6 (C.I. 4.1 – 8.8) Must be counseled for healthy life style Re-evaluate with 75 g OGTT after 6 wk, 6 months More risk - if GDM before 24 wks of gestation High levels of hyperglycemia during pregnancy If the mother is obese and has +ve family h/o GDM in previous pregnancies and age > 35 yrs. High risk ethnic group (like Indians) 49

GDM Women with prior GDM and IGT or IFG have CVD risk factors. Interventions may also reduce subsequent CVD, which is the leading cause of death in both types of diabetes. GDM 71% higher risk of future CVD-other risk factors (HTN, lipids, smoking) assessed and managed Kitzmiller, et al Diabetes Care 30:S225-S235, 2007 Shah, et al Diabetes Care 31: , 2008

GDM Some Questions When to order for USG ? Scan for anomalies at 20-weeks Growth scans from weeks Breast feed or not after delivery ? Must give breast feeding This reduces maternal glucose intolerance 51

GDM

Late effects on the offspring Increased risk of IGT Future risk of T2DM Risk of Obesity 53

GDM

Outpatient Glucose Targets for Pregnant Women ConditionTreatment Goal Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) Preprandial glucose, mg/dL≤95* 1-Hour PPG, mg/dL≤140* 2-Hour PPG, mg/dL≤120* Preexisting T1D or T2D Premeal, bedtime, and overnight glucose, mg/dL60-99* Peak PPG, mg/dL * A1C≤6.0%* 56 FPG = fasting plasma glucose; PPG = postprandial glucose. *Provided target can be safely achieved.

GDM Macrosomic Newborn (4.2kg)