Social Capital and the East Asian Welfare Society Model? Models? Evidence from Asia Barometer Zhang Jiyuan Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo

Index Introduction Hypothesis Measurement of social capital Results and Discussion Conclusion

Introduction Recent discussion of “East Asian Welfare Society Model”: expectation in Japan’s community welfare and social capital (World Bank:2001; Aratame: 2006,2007; Oizumi:2007, Noguchi:2009) Different target region : Only Northeast Asia (Noguchi:2009 etc.) Both Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia (World Bank:2001; Aratame: 2006,2007; Oizumi:2007 etc.)

Hypotheses The main idea: there is a large quantity of social capital in the East Asian countries, and it should be made practical use in social welfare policy, which indicates the “East Asian Welfare Model”. Hypothesis 1: there is a large quantity of social capital in every East Asian country, which indicates the high level and homogeneity of social capital in the East Asia. Hypothesis 2: social capital promotes welfare.

Hypotheses Hypothesis 2 is proved by previous studies ･ Economic indicator (Fukuyama :1995; Knack :1997) ･ Medical indicator (Kawachi:2002; Subramanian:2002) and Sociological indicator (my paper) Less consideration upon East Asia Is there high level and homogeneity of social capital in the East Asia??

Data and Methods Data 2003~2008 AsiaBarometer Survey (Australia, Russia, America excluded) Measurement of social capital >Method: principal component factor analysis >Variables: general trust (q11) reciprocity (q12) bonding network (q21-1 “neighborhood”), bridging network (q21-1 “club, hobby circle, etc”)

Results and Discussion Test of hypothesis 1 Figure 1 Social capital in East Asia

Results and Discussion Test of hypothesis 1

Social capitalTrustReciprocityBonding NW Bridging NW Northeast Asia High (Japan) Low (Hong Kong) High Southeast Asia Low (Singapore, Vietnam) Low (Singapore) Divided into high group and Low group High (Philippines, Singapore) Low (Cambodia, Singapore) Table 1 Characteristics between Northeast and Southeast Asia Hypothesis 1 is proved invalid Results and Discussion Test of hypothesis 1

Conclusion Hypothesis 1: invalid Hypothesis 2: valid Invalidity of the discussion about “Northeast Asian Welfare Society Model”? Not necessarily!

Conclusion The most important finding: Northeast Asia : high level and homogeneity Southeast Asia: low level and diversity Indicates It is more valid to focus on Northeast Asia when we discuss the “East Asian Welfare Society Model”? or The possibility of “Northeast Asian Welfare Society Model”?