The Final Approach & Landing A General Discussion on Aviation Training Techniques as applied to GA(SEP) and Commercial Ops 1 Aviation at crossroads. More advanced aircraft and equipment Training techniques evloving

2 This presentation aims to Refresh and extend knowledge of approach and landing techniques Highlight the diversity of techniques that are in use (from SEP to Jet, to learn from each) Stress the need to understand and apply the chosen technique accurately A good landing stems from a good approach A good approach is the correct application of an effective technique

3 Requirements To fly an approach Maintaining centreline Maintaining approach angle and aiming point Maintaining speed that will place the aircraft in an optimum position, attitude and speed for a safe Landing Common to all aircraft If those parameters are not met, a go-around will ensue

4 The obvious differences Speed 65ktsIAS Stall Speed (Full Flap) 44kts IAS 130kts IAS Stall Speed 105ktsIAS...more of this later, in ‘landing’

5 The obvious differences 2 - Attitude 65kts IAS 130kts IAS Aerofoil section Swept Wing Fuselage Effect plus

6 The obvious differences 2 - Attitude Hi Lift Devices SEP design advancing. New design technology, Revised handling qualities Advanced wing design Is more dependant on Hi lift devices

7 The obvious differences 2 - Attitude Hi Lift Devices (cont’d) TE Flaps

8 The obvious differences 2 – Attitude (Cont’d) Maintaining the ATTITUDE PA28 Normal ApproachB737 Normal Approach PA28 Flapless Approach Approach angle is correct if Rwy perspective is correct Aim point remains constant in windscreen Possibility of Confusion GS for Commercial Ops vs Vis App Path IMC Trg – Instr App to Vis Ldg Aim point for Comm Ops vs SEP Ldg IMC Trg – Instr App to Vis Ldg

9 Final approach 1 Requirements 1. Maintain centreline – Ailerons/Rudder 2. Maintain approach angle and aiming point 3. Maintain Speed Stabilised approach Establish landing parameters at set height to ensure constant approach path. A good landing stems from a good approach

10 Final approach 2 - Use of controls Elevators control speed Throttle controls ROD Normal philosophy – as taught in PPL descending syllabus Ex 8 Elevators control descent profile Throttle controls speed Works well for SEP. Drag, Inertia but there are many attitude changes Works best for fast, heavy a/c (Lift/Drag) Attitude remains more stable Instrument/FD use Requires change of technique, mindset If proceeding to IMC rating, consider.... Flying instrument approach followed by visual landing There are other techniques, eg A/A

11 B Heavy C172S

12 CROSS WIND 45° Select 500ft point BASE 500ft On Finals 3/3 Flap 65kts Pwr A/R Elev-Des Thr-Spd Ail-c’line LH cct shown Elev - IAS Thr – ROD Adjust ROD For 500ft point What me and Graham teach select 500ft point fly ‘point and power’ to landing

13 The Landing Starts at ‘double decker bus’, ‘when the green turns to grass’ Range of techniques From Round-out, hold off, hold off, touchdown ToFlying into ground and everything in between Approach and Landing are two distinct skills Technique may vary from one aircraft type to another. Not always transferrable Knowledge of technique enables pilot to modify for different aircraft types

14 Human Information Processing information decision response Receptors & Sensory Stores Sight Sound Feel Taste Smell Attention Mechanism Perception Central Decision Maker Motor Programmes Long Term Mem Short Term (Wkg) Mem ACTIONS Feedback Approach and landings use different processing functions

15 The approach - data acquisition The landing - data acquisition

16 The phase that doesn’t exist False impression of steepening descent ‘Ground Shy’

17 Variation in landing techniques Nosewheel vs tailwheel Weight High lift devices Slipstream effect Prop effects Tailstrike issues Crosswind etc etc etc Most important technique is the first one you learn Understanding how you land enables you to build on the technique and modify it

18 Recap Aviation training offers us a range of techniques, often of equal validity For instructors, clear teaching of the technique For students, precise knowledge of the technique achieves the best results