Livestock Diseases

Nutritional

Anemia Cause- All far animals are acceptable. Symptoms- Characterized by general weakness and a lack of vigor; iron deficiency prevents the formation of hemoglobin, a red iron containing pigment in the red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells. Preventive & Control- A balanced ration will prevent anemia.

Bloat Cause- Typically occurs when animals are grazing on highly productive pastures during the wetter part of late spring and summer. Symptoms- Swollen abdomen on the left side, labored breathing, profuse salivation, groaning, lack of appetite, and stiffness. Preventive & Control- Maintain pastures composed of 50% or more grass.

Colic Cause- Improper feeding. Symptoms- Pain, sweating, constipation, kicking, and groaning. Preventive & Control- Careful feeding.

Enterotoxemia Cause- Bacteria & overeating. Symptoms- Constipation is an early symptom and is sometimes followed by diarrhea. Preventive & Control- Bacterin or antitoxin vaccine should be used at the beginning of the feeding period.

Founder Cause- Overeating of grain, and lush, highly improved pasture grasses. Symptoms- Affected animals experience pain and may have fever as high as 106 degrees. Preventive & Control- Good management and feeding practices will prevent the disease.

Viral

Cholera Cause- Filterable virus. Symptoms- Loss of appetite, high fever, reddish-purplish patchwork of coloration on the difficulty and a wobbly gait. Preventive & Control- Vaccine is available; no effective treatment, producers should use good management.

Equine Encephalomyelitis Cause- Viruses classified as group A and B cause the disease, bloodsucking insects, such as mosquito's. Symptoms- Fever, impaired vision, irregular gait, muscle spasms, a pendulous lower lip, walking aimlessly. Preventive & Control- Vaccine.

Hemorrhagic Septicemia Cause- Bacterium, which seems to multiply rapidly when animals are subject to stress conditions. Symptoms- Fever, difficulty breathing, coughing, discharge from eyes and nose. Preventive & Control- Vaccination prior to shipping or other periods of stress.

Newcastle Cause- Poultry disease caused by a virus which is spread by contaminated equipment or mechanical means. Symptoms- Chicks will make circular movements, walk backwards, fall, twist their necks so that there necks or on there backs, cough and sneeze, high fever and diarrhea. Preventive & Control- Vaccines, antibiotics used during early stages of disease.

Warts Cause- By a virus. Symptoms- Protruding growths on the skin. Preventive & Control- Unknown preventive measures; most effective means is with a vaccine.

Bacterial

Pneumonia Cause- Bacteria, fungi, dust, or other foreign matter; the bacterium, pasteuralla multiocida, is often responsible for the disease. Symptoms- General dullness, failing appetite, fever and difficulty breathing. Preventive & Control- Proper housing ventilation, sanitation, and antibiotics.

Tetanus Cause- A spore forming anaerobe bacterium is the cause; the spores may be found in the soil and feces of animals. Symptoms- Difficulty swallowing, stiff muscles, and muscle spasms. Preventive & Control- Immunizing animals with a tetanus toxoid.

Anthrax Cause- A spore- forming bacterium causes the disease. Symptoms- fever, swelling in the lower body region, a bloody discharge, staggering, trembling, difficulty breathing, and convulsive movements. Preventive & Control- Annual vaccination, manure and contaminated materials should be burned and area disinfected, insects should be controlled.

Blackleg Cause- (cattle-sheep)- Spore forming bacterium, which remains permanently in an area; the germ has an incubation period of 1-5 days and is taken into the body from contaminated soils and water. Symptoms- Lameness, followed by depression and fever; the muscles in the hip, shoulder, chest back, and neck swell; sudden death within 3 days of onset of symptoms. Preventive & Control- Vaccine

Brucellosis Cause- Bacteria; brucella abortus is the bacterium. Symptoms- Abortion of the immature fetus is the only sign in some animals. Preventive & Control- Vaccinating calves with Br. Abortus will prevent cattle from contacting this disease; infected cattle must be slaughtered.

Distemper Cause- (Horses)- Contagious, exposure to cold, wet weather, fatigue, and an infection of the respiratory tract aid in spreading the disease. Symptoms- Increased respiratory rate, depression, loss of appetite, and discharge of pus from the nose are visible symptoms; infected animals will have fever and swollen lymph glands, located under the jaw. Preventive & Control- Animals with disease should be isolated, provided with rest, protected from the weather, and treated with antibiotics.

Erysepelas Cause- a resistant bacterium capable of living several months in barnyard litter. Symptoms- Three forms: acute, subacute and diamond skin form; acute symptoms are a high fever, constipation, diarrhea, and reddish patches on the skin; subacute- is usually localized in an organ such as the heart, bladder, and joint; sloughing off of the skin is common. Preventive & Control- anti-swine erysepelasserum

Leptospirosis Cause- Bacterium found in the blood, urine, and milk of infected animals. Symptoms- Abortion and sterility; symptoms are blood- tinged milk and urine. Preventive & Control- Susceptible animals should be vaccinated.

Tuberculosis Cause- human, bovine, and avian; the human type rarely produces TB in lower animals, but the bovine type is capable of producing the disease in most warm- blooded producers the disease in birds and swine. Symptoms- Lungs are affected; however, other organs may be affected; some animals will show no symptoms; others will appear unthrifty and have a cough. Preventive & Control- Maintaining a sanitary environment and comfortable quarters will help in preventing the disease.

Pullorum Cause- Poultry disease- caused by a bacterium which is capable of living for months in a dormant state in damp, sheltered places; the germs infect the ovary and are transmitted to the chicks through the eggs. Symptoms- Infected chicks huddle together with their eyes closed, wings drooped, feathers ruffled, and foamy droppings. Preventive & Control- Blood test is required for positive identification of the disease; disposal of infected hens will aid in preventing the disease; chicks should be purchased from a certified pullorum- free hatchery.

Fungal Diseases

Foot Rot Cause- A fungi common to filth is responsible for foot rot; animals are most apt to contact foot rot when they are forced to live in wet, muddy, and unsanitary lots for long periods of time. Symptoms- Skin near the hoof- line is red, swollen and often has small lesions. Preventive & Control- Maintaining clean, well drained lots is an easy method of preventing foot rot.

Calf Diphtheria Cause- Fungal disease that lives in soil, litter, and unclean stables and enters the body through wounds. Symptoms- Difficulty breathing, eating, drinking,; patches of yellowish, dead tissue appear on the edges of the tongue, gums, and throat; and there is often discharge. Preventive & Control- Diseased tissue is removed to expose healthy tissue, which is treated by swabbing it with tincture of iodine.

Protozoa

Coccidiosis(pertaining to poultry) Cause- Protozoan of which several species is responsible. Symptoms- Two forms- cecae and intestinal; cecae is the acute from which develops rapidly and causes high mortality rate; bloody droppings and sudden death. Intestinal coccidiosis is chronic in nature; and its symptoms are loss of appetite, weakness, pale comb, and low production; few deaths occur from the latter form. Preventive & Control- Disease is transmitted by the droppings of infested birds, maintaining sanitary conditions and the feeding of a coccidiostat will prevent the disease.

Unknown Causes

Atrophic Rhinitis Cause- Have not been determined; it is contagious, especially in young pigs, and spread by direct contact. Symptoms- Affects the bone structure of the nasal passages; the snout will be twisted and wrinkled. Preventive & Control- Sanitation is important in prevention. There is no specific treatment .

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