Chapter 26, Section 2: A New Kind of Warfare  Largest Conflict in History up to that time  French = 8.5 million men  British = 9 million men  Russians = 12 million men  Germans = 11 million men  25% of all men who went to war did not come back  Many of those who did = maimed, blind, angry

Schlieffen Plan Failed: 1)Russia mobilized faster than expected 2)Germans shifted troops to East = weakened forces in West 3)Sept – British & French beat back Germans at the Battle of Marne 4)No quick victory for Germany on Western Front

 Dug deep trenches = trench warfare  Turned into long, deadly STALEMATE = deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other  Lines unchanged/war dragged on for four years  The Human Cost = Look at page 637 in book

 Soldiers lived in the trenches for weeks at a time.  During a battle, they climbed out of the trench and charged at the enemy across an area known as No Man’s Land.  Millions of men died in these terrible battles that sometimes lasted for months. Officers lived in underground shelters called dugouts A soldier, called a sentry, keeps watch. Here he is using a machine gun The men rest in holes dug into the sides of the trench

 The trenches were constantly full of filthy water  Men would have their feet rot away– Trench Foot

 The trenches were also full of rats which carry disease through bites & waste  They eat & spoil the soldiers’ food “To add to the general discomfort, the trenches were alive with rats. The knowledge that the gigantic trench rats had grown fat through feeding on the dead bodies in No Man's Land made the soldiers hate them more fiercely than almost anything else. “ S. Case, The First World War,

Lice infested the crowded and filthy trenches as well Lice carry typhus, a deadly bacterial disease These soldiers are picking the lice out of their clothing

Destructive Power of Modern Weapons  Rapid -Fire Machine Gun  Mowed down waves of soldiers  Long-Range Artillery Gun  Shrapnel & debris killed more soldiers than guns

Poison Gas  1915 – first Germans used gas, then Allies  Blinded & choked victims  Agonizing burns & blisters  Can cause death  Eventually used gas masks  Wind could blow gas back at those who launched it

“Propped up against the wall were a dozen men, all gassed. Their colours were black, green and blue, tongues hanging out, eyes staring. One or two were dead and others beyond human aid; some were coughing up green froth from their lungs.” Lance Sergeant Cotton, Northumberland Fusiliers, describing a gas attack, WWI

Tanks, Airplanes & Submarines – introduced in WW1  1916 – Britain, 1 st armored tank  Mounted with machine guns  Could move across “No Man’s Land” (see diagram on next slide)  Rolled on sturdy tracks (still - they did break down a lot) tanks were designed to climb over trenches and obstacles tanks were designed to smash through or over barbed wire entanglements Crossed rough terrain with no problem

No Mans Land Soldiers would be mowed down by machine guns when trying to cross

Razor sharp barbed wire protected the trenches Soldiers laying lines of barbed wire Messenger dogs were trained to leap over barbed wire – carried vital information to the front lines

Tanks, Airplanes & Submarines – introduced in WW1  Both sides used aircraft  Eventually equipped with machine guns  Pilots know as “flying aces”  Spectacular “dogfights” in air The Red Baron, Manfred von Richthofen, is the most famous German WWI flying ace with 80 confirmed Allied hits. Killed by single bullet in 1918.

Tanks, Airplanes & Submarines – introduced in WW1  1915 – Germans used zeppelins = large gas filled balloons (like a blimp)  Used to bomb English coast

 Germans used U-boats, nicknamed from the German word for submarine  Did tremendous damage to Allied side  Sank merchant ships carrying vital supplies to Britain  Allies organized convoys = groups of merchant ships protected by warships Tanks, Airplanes & Submarines – introduced in WW1

Russian Losses on Eastern Front Aug.1914 – Russia suffers disastrous defeat at Tannenberg, Germany Poorly equipped Russia unable to fight a modern war Many didn’t even have rifles Still – commanders kept sending them into battle

 1915 – Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary & Germany (Central Powers)  1917 – Austrians & Germans launch offensive, drive Italy back  British & French (Allies) help stop Central Powers’ advance into Italy

War Around the World  Most fighting was in Europe  BUT – Japan allied with Britain  Used war as excuse to seize German outposts in China & islands in Pacific

Ottoman Empire Joins Central Powers  October 1914 – Turks join Central Powers  Cut off Allied lines to Russia through Dardanelles (connects Black Sea to Mediterranean)  1915 – Battle of Gallipoli  Allied troops - British, Indian, Australian & New Zealander troops  Turks trapped Allies  Over 200,00 Allied casualties  Horrible defeat

 1916 – Arab nationalists declare revolt against Ottoman Empire  British government sent Colonel T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) – to support Arab revolt  Led guerilla raids against Turks  Ottoman Empire lost much territory to Arabs

War & The Colonies  European Colonies drawn into war  British colonies of India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand sent troops  French W. African colonies sent troops  Many didn’t want to fight for a mother country that treated them badly  Some wanted to fight for the cause – might get citizenship or independence??? Hopes were dashed after war.