Food Chains Unit 3

High tide Depth in meters Sun Low tide Open Sea Coastal zone Sea level 50 Euphotic Zone Photosynthesis Estuarine Zone 100 Continental shelf 200 500 Bathyal Zone Continental 1,000 1,500 Slope 2,000 Abyssal Zone 3,000 4,000 Darkness 5,000 10,000 Fig. 7.5, p. 156

Ecosystem Communities Population Organism

Heat Abiotic chemicals (carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, minerals) Solar energy Decomposers (bacteria, fungus) Producers (plants) Consumers (herbivores, carnivores) Fig. 4.16, p. 82

(decomposers and detritus feeders) First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Fourth Trophic Level Producers (plants) Primary consumers (herbivores) Secondary consumers (carnivores) Tertiary consumers (top carnivores) Heat Heat Heat Heat Solar energy Heat Heat Heat Detritvores (decomposers and detritus feeders) Fig. 4.18, p. 83

Fig. 4.19, p. 84 Humans Blue whale Sperm whale Killer whale Elephant seal Crabeater seal Leopard seal Emperor penguin Adélie penguins Petrel Squid Fish Carnivorous plankton Herbivorous zooplankton Krill Fig. 4.19, p. 84 Phytoplankton

Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Peregrine falcon Herring gulls Producer to primary consumer Snowy egret Cordgrass Primary to secondary consumer Short-billed dowitcher Marsh periwinkle Secondary to higher-level consumer Phytoplankton Smelt All producers and consumers to decomposers Zooplankton and small crustaceans Soft-shelled clam Clamworm Fig. 7.9, p. 159 Bacteria

Symbiotic algae Bacteria Gray reef shark Producer to primary consumer Sea nettle Green sea turtle Fairy basslet Primary to secondary consumer Blue tangs Parrot fish Sergeant major Hard corals Algae Brittle star Banded coral shrimp Secondary to higher-level consumer Phytoplankton Symbiotic algae Coney Zooplankton Black basslet All consumer and producers to decomposers Sponges Moray eel Bacteria Fig. 7.13, p. 163

Heat Tertiary Decomposers consumers (human) 10 Secondary consumers (perch) 100 Primary consumers (zooplankton) 1,000 10,000 Usable energy Available at Each tropic level (in kilocalories) Producers (phytoplankton) Fig. 4.20, p. 85

Decomposers/detritivores Energy Input: 20,810 + 1,679,190 1,700,000 (100%) Energy Output Total Annual Energy Flow Metabolic heat, export Waste, remains 1,700,000 kilocalories Producers Herbivores Carnivores Top carnivores Decomposers, detritivores Transfers 20,810 (1.2%) Incoming solar energy not harnessed 1,679,190 (98.8%) 4,245 3,368 13,197 720 383 2,265 90 21 272 5 16 Top carnivores Decomposers/detritivores 21 Carnivores 5,060 383 Herbivores 3,368 Producers 20,810 Fig. 4.21, p. 85

Fig. 4.24, p. 87

Fig. 7.7, p. 157

Sea star Hermit crab Shore crab Rocky Shore Beach High tide Periwinkle Sea urchin Anemone Mussel Low tide Sculpin Barnacles Kelp Sea lettuce Monterey flatworm Nudibranch Fig. 7.10a, p. 160

Barrier beach Fiddler crab Beach flea Peanut worm Tiger beetle Clam Blue crab Dwarf olive High tide Sandpiper Silversides Ghost shrimp Low tide Mole shrimp White sand macoma Sand dollar Moon snail Fig. 7.10b, p. 160

DDT in fish-eating birds (ospreys) 25 ppm DDT in large fish (needle fish) 2 ppm DDT in small fish (minnows) 0.5 ppm DDT in zooplankton 0.04 ppm DDT in water 0.000003 ppm, Or 3 ppm Fig. 16.4, p. 399

Water 0.000002 ppm Herring gull 124 ppm Phytoplankton 0.0025 ppm Rainbow smelt 1.04 ppm Zooplankton 0.123 ppm Phytoplankton 0.0025 ppm Water 0.000002 ppm Herring gull 124 ppm Lake trout 4.83 ppm Herring gull eggs Fig. 19.4, p. 481

Biomagnification WHO Backs Use of DDT Against Malaria http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6083944 Do Benefits of Seafood Outweigh the Risks? http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5342508