Animal Kingdom

What are Animals? Animals are multicellular heterotrophs (eat other organisms for energy) and are eukaryotes. (cells have a nucleus) Most ingest food and digest it in an internal cavity. Animal cells lack the rigid cell walls that characterize plant cells. Most animals are diploid, meaning that the cells of adults contain two copies of the genetic material.

Phylums There are about 30 phylums in the Animal Kingdom. Here are the big ones (95% of animals are in these phylum): Porifera Cnideria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Echinoderm Chordata (backbone)

Porifera Sponges –Live in aquatic environments –Filter particles out of the water (especially bacteria), and forming a fairly substantial portion of the coral reef biomass. Organ Pipe Sponge Barrel Sponge Giant Orange Ear Sponge

Cnideria Many cnidarian species exist in two different body forms during their life cycle: the free- swimming form, called the medusa (a jellyfish for instance), and the stationary form called the polyp (which resembles a tiny sea anemone). Some coelenterates are jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones.

Platyhelminthes Range from brilliantly colored creatures that swim in the ocean to parasitic flatworms that live inside the bodies of an estimated 200 million humans around the world. Ex: flatworms, tapeworms, flukes Marine Flatworm Tapeworm

Nematoda Also called roundworms. One of the most abundant animals. occurring as parasites in animals and plants or as free-living forms in soil, freshwater, marine environments, and even such unusual places as vinegar and beer malts. Ex: Hookworm, roundworm, heartworm. Roundwormheartworm

Mollusks All have soft bodies and have a strong muscular foot, which is used for movement or grasping. Including: Clams, Snails, Slugs, Nautilus, Squid, Octopus Blue Ring Octopus Snail Caribbean Reef Squid Nautilus

Annelids: Worms and Leeches Annelids have bodies that are divided into segments. Annelids have very well- developed internal organs. Some may have long bristles. Others have shorter bristles and seem smooth, Earthworm Leech

Arthropod The name Arthropod means "jointed foot." All arthropods have segmented bodies and are covered in a jointed, protective armor called an exoskeleton. Their body muscles attach to the inside of the exoskeleton. In order to grow, arthropods must periodically molt -- a process that entails shedding their exoskeleton and inflating their body before the new skeleton hardens. Includes: Crustaceans, Spiders, Millipedes, Centipedes, Insects Golden Orb Weaver Molting Blue Crab Centipede

Echinoderms While many echinoderms begin life as a bilateral larva, later in life they take a radical change of course. They become radial with five-part symmetry and no central brain. The bodies of echinoderms are made of hard, calcium-based plates that are often spiny and covered by a thin skin. Includes: Sea Stars, Sea Lillies, Sea Urchins, Sea Cucumbers, Brittle Stars Leopard Sea Cucumber Sea Urchin Starfish

Chordata Animals with a Backbone or Spinal Column. (These are class names) –Fish –Amphibians –Reptiles –Birds –Mammals

Fish Most fish breathe through gills. Gills perform the gas exchange between the water and the fish's blood. They allow the fish to breathe oxygen in the water. Fishes are vertebrates that have a skeleton made of either bone or cartilage. About 95% of fishes have skeletons made of bone. These bony fishes have a swim bladder, a gas-filled sac, that they can inflate or deflate allowing them to float in the water even when not swimming. Fishes with a cartilage skeleton tend to be heavier than water and sink. They must swim to keep afloat. Cartilaginous (cartilage) fish include the ray and the shark.

Amphibians Cold-blooded and live both on land (breathing with lungs) and in water (breathing through gills) at different times.

Reptiles Cold-blooded (cannot regulate body temperature) and breathe with lungs. They have scales, and most lay eggs.

Birds Birds have 3 major differentiating characteristics: wings, feathers, and a beak rather than teeth.

Mammals Warm-blooded, and are nourished by their mothers' milk. All have a 4 chamber heart. Most are born live (however, the platypus lays eggs). Most mammals also have body hair.