Industrial Revolution Moving Forward in History

► IR – increased output of machine-made goods ► Began in England in 18 th Century ► Enclosures – large fields with fences  Landowners experimented with new agricultural methods  Forced small farmers to become tenants or give up land and move to city

Jethro Tull ► Sowing seed in well- spaced rows at specific depths ► Crop Rotation – similar to three field rotation of middle ages

Industrialization ► Process of developing machine production of goods ► Required use of natural resources  Water power and coal to fuel machines  Iron ore to construct machines, tools  Rivers for inland transportation  Harbors for merchant sail

Major Inventions in Textile ► Textile Mill  England's cotton came from American South ► Demand skyrocketed due to the manufacturing of cloth in England ► Eli Whitney’s cotton gin  Multiplied the speed of removing seeds from cotton ► James Watt steam engine  Made steam engine work faster, more efficient and burned less fuel

Different Types of Invention ► Robert Foulton ordered first steam engine, The Clermont, that ferried up the Hudson River ► Railroad ► Cyrus McCormick’s reaper – wheat production ► I.M. Singer – foot pedal sewing machine ► Alexander Graham Bell- telephone

Corporations Develop ► Business owned by stockholders who share profits but not personally responsible for debt  John D. Rockefeller ► Standard Oil  Andrew Carnegie- ► Carnegie Steel Company

Age of Reform ► Laissez faire – letting owners of industries set working conditions without interference ► Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations  Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress ► Sellers sold what buyers wanted and buyers spend money on what they really wanted

► Capitalism – money is invested in business ventures with goal of making profit ► Jeremy Bentham - Utilitarianism – people should judge ideas, institutions and actions on the basis of their usefulness  Govt. should promote greatest good for greatest number of people  People should be free to pursue on own without interference from the state

► Socialism – factors of production are owned by the public and operate for welfare of all  Socialist argued govt. should plan the economy rather than depend on free market capitalism to do the job  Idea was govt. controlled industries would abolish poverty and promote equality

► Karl Marx – believed IR enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor ► middle class haves or bourgeoisie and the have-nots or workers ► Communism – all lands, factories and businesses would be owned by the people  Private property would cease to exist  All goods and services would be shared equally

Capitalist vs. Marxist Capitalist vs. Marxist ► Progress results when individual follow own self interest ► Business follow own interest when compete with each other for consumers money ► Compete to produce better and less expensive goods ► Compete to purchase best goods at lower price ► All great movements in history are from economic class struggle ► “Haves” take advantage of “have-nots” ► IR intensified class struggle ► Workers exploited by employers ► Labor workers create profit for employer

C vs. M (cont) ► Market economy aims to produce best goods a lower price ► Govt should not interefere in economy ► Labor of workers creates profit for employers ► Capitalist system will eventually destroy itself

Unionization ► Unions – workers joined in voluntary associations ► Collective bargaining – negotiations between workers and employers ► Strike – refuse to work

► William Wilberforce – member of British Parliament who led fight for end of slavery in Britain  Influence on the American fight against slavery which ended in 1865 after Civil War