DNA Replication, Transcription, Translation

DNA Replication  The weak hydrogen bonds that hold the nitrogen bases break apart by an enzyme called Helicase  The divided strands are then replicated by their matching nitrogen bases  Your new DNA Strand is now one ‘old strand’ known as the parent strand and one ‘new strand’

Speed of Replication  DNA is replicated REALLY FAST  Human cell copies its 6 billion bases & divide into daughter cells in only few hours  Remarkably accurate  only ~1 error per 100 million bases  ~30 errors per cell cycle

Errors & Fixing  Different types of errors can happen in DNA  Ex: Deletion of nitrogen base or an insertions of nitrogen base  Proofreading enzymes correct any mistakes that occur during replication.  DNA studies have helped us solve major problems in history and in health.

RNA  RNA – RiboNucleic Acid  Made in the nucleus  Controls gene expression & cellular communication  RNA delivers and interprets what the DNA is saying from nucleus to ribosome

DNA vs. RNA  Difference #1:  DNA  double strand  RNA  single strand Difference #2:  DNA nitrogen bases: A, G, C, T  RNA nitrogen bases: A, G, C, U (Uracil)

DNA Transcription  RNA strand is made by reading one of the DNA strands  IMPORTANT!!!  When there is an Adenine base (A), it binds with Uracil (U) in RNA instead of Thymine (T)

RNA Base-Pairing Practice  DNA Strand: A G T T C A  RNA Strand: U C A A G U  DNA Strand: T A G G A T A C  RNA Strand: A

RNA Base-Pairing Practice  DNA Strand: A G T T C A  RNA Strand: U C A A G U  DNA Strand: T A G G A T A C  RNA Strand: A U

RNA Base-Pairing Practice  DNA Strand: A G T T C A  RNA Strand: U C A A G U  DNA Strand: T A G G A T A C  RNA Strand: A U C

RNA Base-Pairing Practice  DNA Strand: A G T T C A  RNA Strand: U C A A G U  DNA Strand: T A G G A T A C  RNA Strand: A U C C

RNA Base-Pairing Practice  DNA Strand: A G T T C A  RNA Strand: U C A A G U  DNA Strand: T A G G A T A C  RNA Strand: A U C C U

RNA Base-Pairing Practice  DNA Strand: A G T T C A  RNA Strand: U C A A G U  DNA Strand: T A G G A T A C  RNA Strand: A U C C U A

RNA Base-Pairing Practice  DNA Strand: A G T T C A  RNA Strand: U C A A G U  DNA Strand: T A G G A T A C  RNA Strand: A U C C U A U

RNA Base-Pairing Practice  DNA Strand: A G T T C A  RNA Strand: U C A A G U  DNA Strand: T A G G A T A C  RNA Strand: A U C C U A U G

DNA Translation  What does Translation mean?

DNA Translation  RNA is transferred out of the nucleus to the ribosome  CODON: three nitrogen bases  One Codon (in order on the RNA strand) makes ONE amino acid  Amino acids put together make a protein

Put it all together!

New Vocabularies Learned  Replication  RNA  DNA Transcription  DNA Translation  Codon