Warm Up #3  Label the following with the correct name of the Neolithic city and its location: A B C D Oldest city Oldest lived in city Current excavation

What type of scientist is shown here:

Quiz 2d  You only need to write the correct letter.  When you are finished, please turn over your paper.

Four River Valley Civilizations

Follow on Notebook Page 3a  River valley civilizations (about 3500 to 500 B.C.E.  Mesopotamian civilization: Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys (Southwest Asia)  Egyptian civilization: Nile River Valley and Nile Delta (Africa)  Indian civilization: Indus River Valley (South Asia)  Chinese civilization: Huang He (East Asia)

M.I.C.E.  Mesopotamia  India  China  Egypt

3a River Valley Civ Notes  These river valleys offered rich soil and irrigation (water) for agriculture, and they tended to be in locations easily protected from invasion by nomadic peoples.

3a notes continued  Other early civilizations –(2000 to 500 B.C. E.)  Hebrews settled between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River Valley (part of Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia).  Phoenicians settled along the Mediterranean coast (part of Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia).  Nubia was located on the upper (southern) Nile River (Africa).

Nubia (Label on River Valley Map) Lower Nile Upper Nile Cataracts

Cataract

Label on your River Valley Map Phoenicia

Hebrews Mark on Map

Quiz 3a Next Class  This will cover the locations and rivers of the 4 ancient river valleys (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, China) and the location of the Phoenicians, Hebrews of Canaan/Palestine and Nubians

Four River Valley Civilizations

Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent)

Mesopotamia  ‘Land Between the Rivers’  Tigris & Euphrates Rivers  Flows Southeast into the Persian Gulf  Flooded once per year  Present day Iraq  ‘Cradle of Civilization’ Geography

 Flooding left thick beds of silt in the Mesopotamia Valley  Challenges:  Unpredictable Floods:  Solution: Irrigation  Limited natural resources:  Solution: Trade  Grain/Cloth/Tools  for  Stone/Wood/Metals  Rich soil allowed for harvesting surpluses Economics

 Food surplus and flood control led to the development of city- states  a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit

Sumer  Key characteristics of Sumerian Civilization:  Advanced Cities● Specialized Workers  Complex Institutions ● Record Keeping  Advanced Technology

Sumerian Achievements  Inventions:  Wheel  Sail  Plow  Potter’s Wheel  1 st to use Bronze  alloy of copper & tin  1 st system of writing:  Cuneiform (wedge- shaped) Achievements

Sumerian Art

Sumerian Society  Caste System :  Nobles (amelu):  Priest, Kings, Soldiers, Government Officials  Commoners (mushkinu):  Merchants, Farmers, Craftsmen, Laborers  90% were farmers  Slaves:  Captured in war, sold off to pay debts, etc.  NOT BASED ON RACE-- IMPORTANT Social Structure

 Women:  Possessed many rights:  Could own property, could pursue occupations (merchant, low-ranking priest, etc.), could own and sell slaves  Little legal protections:  Unable to attend school, could be sold into slavery, could be divorced with ‘You’re not my wife’ being stated

Sumerian Religion  Polytheistic:  Believed in many gods  Anu: chief god; god of heaven  Enlil: god of wind; god of clouds and air  Enki: god of water, intelligence and creation  Ninhursag: mother goddess, fertility goddess  Sumerians believed it was their duty to serve the gods  Ziggurats were built and sacrifices (animals, food, wine) made to appease the gods  Ziggurat :  Tiered, pyramid-shaped structure with a temple on top Religion

 Cities were surrounded by mud brick walls and centered upon a walled temple containing a ziggurat Religion

Sumerian Rule  Sumerians believed the gods to be the rulers of their cities with priests as a go-between  Priest-Kings created an early ‘Theocracy’  Theocracy: Rule by religious authority—IMPORTANT  Sumerian kings passed their power on to male heirs, creating dynasties  Dynasty: Series of rulers from a single family--IMPORTANT  Sumerian kings claimed ‘divine right’  Divine Right: power to rule is granted by the will of god Politics

Hammurabi’s Code  1792 – 1750 BCE: Reign of Hammurabi-IMPORTANT  Codified and collected the laws of the region (282 Codes)  Wrote them down so no one could use ignorance as an excuse to escape justice  laws dealt with community, family relations, business conduct and crime  Applied to everyone  different standards for rich/poor and men/women  Reinforced principle that the government has a responsibility to society  Hammurabi Code of Law Politics

Babylonian Empire-Stele Law Code

Your Turn… With Hammurabi’s Code