Classification of 2 different organisms Human Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primata Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Homo sapiens Red Maple Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Anthophyta Class: Dicotyledones Order: Sapindales Family: Aceraceae Genus: Acer Species: Acer rubrum

I. Classification Classification - grouping of objects or information based on similarities Taxonomy - branch of Biology that deals with the grouping and naming of organisms years ago Aristotle - Greek philosopher; developed first classification system - Two major groups: plants (herbs, shrubs, trees) & animals (live on land, in air or water)

1707 – – 1778 Carolus Linnaeus - Swedish botanist who developed system of classification that is still used today - based on close relationships of organisms. Binomial nomenclature – 2 name naming system Genus - a group of closely related species species - population of interbreeding organisms capable of producing fertile offspring Ex: Homo sapiens

There are RULES! Binomial nomenclature – 2 name naming system Genus & species italicized or underlined Genus name is capitalized and species is lower case Ex: Homo sapiens

Why use scientific names??? Common Names usually have regional (location) differences Dolphin… dolphin fish… mahi mahi… porpoise… Huh???

Mountain Lion? Cougar? Puma?

Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names Common Names

Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists Scientific Name

Binomial Nomenclature Scientific Name Common Name

Taxonomy- the study of classification 1. Why classify? We need a universal system of naming organisms so that the scientists around the world know they are studying the same organism 2. It is a useful tool when trying to identify diseases or pathogens quickly – Ex: poisonous vs. non- poisonous mushrooms 3. Provides economic advantages when a particular species produces something useful – Ex: the Pacific Yew produces taxol which may be used in treating some forms of cancer.

How Living Things are Classified 1. Taxonomic categories - a hierarchy taxon (taxa-plural): Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species Taxon- group or level into which organisms are classified K ing P hillip C ame O ver F or G rape S oda

How Are Relationships Determined? 1. By Evolutionary History (PHYLOGENY) 2. By Development (EMBRYOLOGY) 3. By Biochemistry (MOLECULAR CLOCK) 4. By Behavior 5. Cladistic Analysis

How Are Relationships Determined? 1. By evolutionary history (PHYLOGENY) - common ancestors, studying modern day life-forms and comparing them with fossils (ancestors) *Phylogeny - The evolutionary history for a group of species 2. By development - examining the development stages of animals for similarities to determine their relationships and phylogeny *Ontogeny – the origin and development of a species 3. By Biochemistry - examining composition in DNA & proteins, more sequences in common mean more closely related. DNA analysis is studying “Molecular Clock” 4. By Behavior - noting similarities in behavioral patterns 5. Cladistic Analysis- classifying based of derived characters (appear in recent lineages) *Cladogram AKA Phylogenetic Tree

Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scalesDiagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales A derived character

Primate Cladogram

A Derived character A node

Currently… 3 Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya –6 Kingdoms: Archaea, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

The six Kingdoms Kingdom Eubacteria - True bacteria - prokaryotic (no nucleus or organelles), unicellular decomposers or photosynthetic EX: E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus

Kingdom Archaebacteria - Prokaryotes, unicellular, microscopic, thrive in extreme environments like salt, lakes, swamps & hot springs. Thought to most closely resemble first life on Earth! Ex: Methanogens, extreme halophiles Bacteria Of Boiling Hot Springs In Yellowstone National Park Black Smokers on ocean floor

Kingdom Protista - unicellular and multi-cellular organisms that are either plant-like, animal-like or fungus-like. Eukaryotic and usually live in moist environments. Amoeba Radiolarian ParameciumDiatom Red Algae Giant Kelps

Kingdom Fungi - Mostly multicellular (yeast are unicellular), heterotrophic, chitinous cell walls, eukaryotic, absorbs nutrients obtained by decomposing dead organisms or waste/ detritus (detritivores/ saprobes). Once classified with Plantae. Yeast Bracket Fungi Mushrooms

Kingdom Plantae - eukaryotic with cell walls of cellulose, multicellular, stationary, autotrophic, producers

Kingdom Animalia - Multicellular heterotrophs, eukaryotic, no cell walls, and most with highly organized tissue and organ systems.