1 Psychology 305A: Personality Psychology October 22 Lecture 13

2 Announcement Exam 1, Question 2 (Versions 1 and 2). An extra point (i.e., 2%) for EVERYONE! The marks will be updated and posted online by the end of the week. Percent of students who responded correctly: 33%

A little R&R …. (Review and Reflect) 3

Psychology What therapeutic methods have emerged from psychoanalytic theory? 2.What is the psychosocial perspective? 3. According to attachment theory, what are the 4 infant attachment styles? The Psychoanalytic and Psychosocial Perspectives 4 4. How are attachment styles assessed in adults?

5 2. discuss the process of dream work. 1.describe the therapeutic goal and techniques of psychoanalysis. 5 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 3. identify contemporary applications of Freud’s ideas and techniques. 4. discuss contemporary research findings regarding the effectiveness of psychoanalytic therapy.

8. distinguish between attachment classification systems review the strange situation. 5. contrast the psychoanalytic perspective and the psychosocial perspective describe Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. 9. distinguish between attachment styles.

Psychology 3057 What therapeutic methods have emerged from psychoanalytic theory? Freud proposed a method to “restructure” personality: Psychoanalysis Goal: To bring unconscious conflicts to conscious awareness (i.e., insight). Two techniques: 7

Psychology 3058 (a)Free association  The patient says, without hesitation, whatever comes to mind.  “Daydreaming out loud.” 8

Psychology 3059 Freud (1913, 1958) instructed his patients as follows: “ You will notice that as you relate things various thoughts will occur to you which you would like to put aside on the grounds of certain criticisms and objections. You will be tempted to say to yourself that this or that is irrelevant here, or is quite unimportant, or nonsensical, so that there is no need to say it. You must never give in to these criticisms, but must say it in spite of them— indeed, you must say it precisely because you feel an aversion to doing so …. Finally, never forget that you have promised to be absolutely honest, and never leave anything out because, for some reason or other, it is unpleasant to tell it.” 9 Resistance

Psychology  An analyst must interpret the material provided by the patient to identify unconscious conflicts.  Once identified, the analyst reveals the unconscious conflicts to the patient, allowing him/her to resolve it. 10

Psychology (b) Dream analysis  The patient recounts her/his dreams through free association.  Manifest content: Narrative of the dream that is consciously remembered. Latent content: Memories, fantasies, forgotten events, unconscious conflicts that give rise to manifest content. 11

Psychology  Latent content is transformed to manifest content through “dream work.”  Mechanisms involved in dream work: 12

Psychology Condensation: The unconscious compresses several latent elements into a single manifest image. Displacement: The unconscious shifts emphasis away from an important but threatening image to a relatively safe image. E.g., Power and hostility are represented by an ax. E.g., An abusive father is represented as an old and frail man. 13

Psychology Symbolism: The unconscious uses a common and acceptable image to symbolize an unacceptable latent element. Secondary revision: The unconscious synthesizes the disjointed images that have been created through condensation, displacement, and symbolism into a coherent story (e.g., by adding a setting or plot) E.g., A vagina is represented as a hollow box. 14

Psychology  An analyst must interpret the manifest content to identify unconscious conflicts.  Once identified, the analyst reveals the unconscious conflicts to the patient, allowing her/him to resolve it. 15

Contemporary psychoanalysts (e.g., Shedler, 2009) continue to employ Freud’s ideas and techniques: Focus on emotional experience and expression. Discussion of childhood and interpersonal relations. Exploration of defense mechanisms. Free association (schemas; implicit associations). Resistance and transference. Exploration of wishes, fantasies, and dreams. 16

Contemporary research (e.g., Abbass et al., 2006; de Maat et al., 2009; Leichsenring et al., 2004) indicates that psychoanalytic therapy is as effective as or more effective than other forms of therapy (e.g., CBT, drug therapy). 17

18 Documentary: The Century of the Self (BBC) “Describes the impact of Freud's theories on the perception of the human mind, and the ways public relations agencies and politicians have used this during the last 100 years.” Four-part series. Available at: century-of-the-self/.

What is the psychosocial perspective? The psychosocial perspective is comprised of theories derived from psychoanalytic theory. In contrast to psychoanalytic theory, these theories do not emphasize sexuality; they emphasize social factors. 19 Examples of psychosocial theories include: 1. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. 2. Bowlby’s attachment theory.

AgeStage LabelCrisisEgo (Basic) Strength 0-1InfancyBasic trust vs. mistrustHope 2-3Early childhood Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Will 3-5PreschoolInitiative vs. guiltPurpose 6-11School ageIndustry vs. inferiorityCompetence 12-20AdolescenceIdentity vs. role confusionFidelity 21-35Young adulthood Intimacy vs. isolationLove 36-60AdulthoodGenerativity vs. stagnation Care 61-DeathOld ageEgo integrity vs. despairWisdom Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development 20

Stage 6: Young Adulthood  21 – 35 years of age.  Crisis: Intimacy vs. isolation.  Successful resolution: Occurs when young adults feel that they can merge with another individual without losing their personal identity.  Ego (basic) strength: Love (a mutual devotion with another individual that is greater than any antagonism between the identities of each individual in the partnership). 21

Attachment theory is among the most important contemporary outgrowths of Freud’s theory. 22

Psychology According to attachment theory, what are the 4 infant attachment styles? Ainsworth (1972, 1979) developed the “strange situation” procedure to assess infant attachment. 23 Using this procedure, she identified 3 infant attachment styles:

Psychology Secure: “Normal” distress when parent leaves, interacts willingly with stranger, exhibits joy when parent returns (66% of the infants). 2. Avoidant: Little distress when parent leaves, indifference when parent returns (20% of the infants) Ambivalent: Extreme distress when parent leaves, ambivalent when parent returns, approach and rejection behaviours (14% of the infants).

Psychology More recent research suggests a fourth attachment style: 4. Disorganized: Disoriented or confused by surroundings, displays no coherent pattern of coping. 25

Psychology Infants with a secure attachment style tend to have responsive and affectionate parents. Infants with an “insecure” attachment style tend to have unresponsive and unaffectionate parents. Infants with a disorganized attachment style tend to have abusive parents. 26

Psychology How are attachment styles assessed in adults? Bowlby theorized that infant relationships produce “internal working models” for adult relationships. Internal working models: Unconscious expectations about relationships (schemas, representations of the self in relation to close others). 27

Psychology Consistent with Bowlby’s theory, research has found: (b) for most people, attachment classifications in infancy correspond to attachment classifications in adulthood (e.g., Hamilton, 2000; Waters et al., 2000). 28 (a) a positive correlation between parent-infant attachment style and adult attachment style (e.g., Fraley, 2002).

Psychology Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ; Hazan & Shaver, 1987)  Assesses secure, ambivalent, and avoidant attachment styles. 29 Several methods have been developed to assess the attachment styles of adults:

Psychology Relationship Questionnaire (RQ; Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; see also Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994)  Assesses secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing attachment styles.  Based on the assumption that the AAQ conflates two theoretically distinct forms of avoidance—fearful- avoidance and dismissing-avoidance. 30

MODEL OF SELF MODEL OF OTHER Positive Negative SECURE FEARFULPREOCCUPIED DISMISSING 31

32 2. discuss the process of dream work. 1.describe the therapeutic goal and techniques of psychoanalysis. 32 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 3. identify contemporary applications of Freud’s ideas and techniques. 4. discuss contemporary research findings regarding the effectiveness of psychoanalytic therapy.

8. distinguish between attachment classification systems review the strange situation. 5. contrast the psychoanalytic perspective and the psychosocial perspective describe Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. 9. distinguish between attachment styles.