2 Drought Management And Water Harvesting

3 Index 1.Definition of Drought 2.Types of Drought 3.Causes of Drought 4.Effects of Drought 5.Drought contingency planning 6.Water conservation & augmentation 7.Rain water harvesting Ground water Recharge Run off Enhancement 8. Indian river Inter-link project 9. Benefits

4 Definition of Drought  A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water.  “ Drought is a condition of water deficit sufficient to have an adverse effect on vegetation, animals and man over a sizeable area. ’’  Country’s experience is that :  Drought can be prevented  Drought can be mitigation  Hardships can be minimized  Sufferings can be reduced

5 Types of Drought 1.Metrological Drought 2.Hydrological Drought  Surface-water Drought  Ground-water Drought 3. Agriculture Drought 4.Socioeconomic Drought

6 1.Metrological Drought : It describes a situation where there is a reduction in rainfall for a specific period (days, months, seasons or year) below a specific amount (long term average for a specific time). meteorological drought must be considered as region specific since the Atmospheric conditions that result in deficiencies of precipitation are highly variable from region to region. 2. Hydrological Drought: Hydrological drought is associated with the effects of periods of precipitation (including snowfall) shortfalls on surface o subsurface water supply (i.e., stream flow, reservoir and lake levels, groundwater). (i)Surface-water Drought (ii) Ground-water Drought

7 3. Agriculture Drought: Agricultural drought is concerned with the impact of meteorological/hydrological drought on crop yield. When soil moisture and rainfall conditions are not adequate enough to support a healthy crop growth to maturity thereby causing extreme moisture stress and wilting of major crop area, it leads to agricultural drought. 4. Socioeconomic Drought: It reflects the reduction of availability of food and income loss on account of crop failures endangering food and social security of the people in the affected areas.

8 Causes of Drought in India 1.Amount of water vapour in the atm. 2.Shifting of air masses. 3.Cold and warm water ocean currents. 4.Mountains. 5.Human activities. 6.Global warming 7.Metrological causes. 8.Water Resources. 9.Agriculture : Crop yield. 10.Population

9 Effects of Drought 1.Economic:  Loss of national economical growth, slowing down of economic development.  Increase in food prices.  Plant disease  Range fire.  Loss of hydroelectric power. 2. Environmental:  Increase desertification.  Reduction of fish and wildlife habitat.  Disease.  Increase predation.  Wind and water erosion of soil.

10 3. Social:  Food shortages.  Loss of human life from food shortage, heat, suicides, violence.  Mental and physical stress.  Water user conflicts.  Political unrest.  Social unrest.  Increase poverty.  Public dissatisfaction.

11 Drought contingency planning Management Alternatives during Droughts Demand Management Drought protection and relief Drought management cycle in India Drought declaration process in Indian states Component of drought monitoring and management in india

12 Drought management cycle in India

13 Contingent Plan for Rabi 2009 Time bound Rabi Plan based on receipt of rainfall in August and September. Resource conservation technologies including zero tilled specially in Indo-angetic plains. Need based location specific agronomic manipulations. Resorting to cultivation of less water demanding crops and cropping systems in limited irrigation water supply areas. Zero Till Drill in wheat

14 Water conservation & augmentation Need for conservation of water Variation in rainfall Areas of water shortage Uncertainty of precipitation Future needs Measurement for water conservation Domestic conservation Industrial conservation Agriculture conservation

15 Rain water harvesting Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater can be collected from rivers or roofs, and in many places the water collected is redirected to a deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), a reservoir with percolation, or collected from dew or fog with nets or other tools. Its uses include water for gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with proper treatment, and indoor heating for houses etc. The harvested water can also be used as drinking water, longer-term storage and for other purposes such as groundwater recharge.

16 Methods of Rain water harvesting 1.Roof top rain water harvesting 2.Runoff collection Check dams Khet Talawadi Ponds and reservoir 3. Ground water recharge 4. Runoff Enhancement

17 Indian rivers Inter-link project The Indian river inter-link is a large scale civil engineering project that aims to join the majority of India’s rivers by canals and so reduce persistent water shortage in parts of India. History:  In 1972 the then minister for irrigation K.L. Rao proposed a 2640 kilometer long link between the Ganges and kaveri rivers.  In 1974 plans were proposed for the Garland canal.  In 1982 the National water development Agency as set up to carry out survey of the links and prepare feasibility studies.

18 The Project 1.Himalaya development Kosi – Mechi linl Kosi – Ghaghara link Gandak – Ganga link Sarda - Yamuna link Yamuna – rajasthan link Ganga – Damodar – Subernarekha Farakka – Sunderbans link

19 2.Peninsular development Mahanadi – Godavari Link Polavaram – Vijayawada Link Almatti – Pennar link Ken – Betwa link Par – Tapi – Narmada link Pamba – Anchankavil – vaipper link Bedti – varada link Netravati – hemavati link

20 Benefits Interlinking would lead to a permanent drought proofing of the country. Raising the irrigation potential to equal the current net sown area of about 150 million hectares. Mitigation the annual floods in ganga and brahamaputra. Add 34,000 MW of hydropower to the national pool. Improved possibilities for inland transportation. So far could not see any major repercussions except for large scale relocation of people.

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