HISTOLOGY: Study of Tissues Four Types? Two components of tissue?

4 Types ********

2 Components of Tissue Extracellular matrix

LOCATION OF EPITHELIUM: Lining of body cavities Lining of heart and blood vessels Lining of gland ducts

FUNCTION OF EPITHELIUM Protection Absorption – Secretions – hormones, mucus, enzymes

How epithelial tissues are classified: SHAPE: Squamous – thin, think “squished” Cuboidal – cubed shape Columnar – rectangular think “column” LAYERS: Simple = single layer Stratified = more than one layer

Types of epithelium

“special” types of epithelium ____________________________ – “false layers”, looks like there is more than one layer b/c nucleus alignment in cells __________________________ – tissues that adjusts to various tensions (think bladder)

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Connective Tissue 3 TYPES

Connective tissue proper Many types of cells in a syrupy ground substance Ex of where found = tendons, surrounding organs, ligaments, surrounds respiratory passageway Two types of connective tissue – loose connective – dense connective

Connective tissue proper: CELLS Fibroblasts (slender and star-shaped cells)

Connective tissue proper: CELLS Macrophages

Connective tissue proper: CELLS Adipose cells (stores fat)

Connective tissue proper: CELLS Mast Cells

Connective tissue proper: CELLS Plasma Cells

Connective tissue proper: FIBERS Collagen –Found in tendons and ligaments

Connective tissue proper: FIBERS Elastic Fibers –Rare but important –Found between vertebrae and aorta

Connective tissue proper: FIBERS Reticular Fibers –holds blood vessels to surface of organs

Marfan Syndrome Genetic disorder that effects the production of connective tissue –Effects just about every system in the body –Especially dangerous for blood vessels: collapse and/or bursting of aorta

Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCE Loose (aka areolar) Dense Adipose

Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCE Loose connective (areolar) –“packing material” –Fills spaces between organs, supports epithelium –Forms a layer that separates skin from deeper structures like muscles –Highly vascularized, shots given in this tissue for quick transport of drugs

Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCE Adipose –Cushioning and energy storage –Found under skin of groin, buttocks, breasts and abdomen –Also fills bony sockets behind eyes –dominant connective tissue of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCE Dense Connective –Tightly packed collagen fibers make this tissue really strong –Found in tendons, ligaments, surrounding muscles, and surrounds blood vessels and respiratory passageways

Fluid Connective Tissue Blood and Lymph

Supporting Connective Tissue Cartilage – ground substance surrounding chondrocytes (cartilage cells) called matrix, matrix is firm gel Bone – matrix is rigid because of calcification and contains osteocytes (bone cells) (more next chapter)

Supporting Connective Tissue: CARTILAGE Hyaline – found between ribs and the sternum, along passageway of respiratory tract, opposing surfaces of bones with many joints (elbow and knee) Elastic – outer ear, epiglottis and tip of nose Fibrocartilage – between vertebrae, pubic bones of pelvis, some joints and tendons

Cartilage and Knee Injuries Cartilages are avascular so they heal poorly New research in growing and replacing cartilage has showed promise in dog studies

Fig. 5.19b

Fig. 5.19c

Last Two Types Epithelial Tissue Connective Muscle Nervous

Muscle Smooth Skeletal (striated) Cardiac

Smooth Lines organs such as those of the digestive tract

Skeletal Voluntary control – able to contract and create movement Multi-nucleated and visible striations

Nervous tissue Makes up tissue of Central and Periferal Nervous systems

Skeletal System Instructions

Team Score

1.The outer covering of the diaphysis of the long bone, made from fibrous tissue is called the Who is the strongest link? EPIPHYSISDIAPHYSISPERIOSTEUMARTICULAR CARTILAGE

Periosteum is the connective tissue that covers long bones and is thicker in children than adults. Next Question PERIOSTEUM

1.Compact bone is made up of _______ cemented together. Who is the strongest link? OsteonsOsteocytesPerforating canals Trabiculae

Next Question OSTEONS

The cells that tear down and remodel bone are the ____________. Who is the strongest link? MarophagesOsteocytesOsteoblastsOsteoclasts

Osteoclasts release a strong acid that breaks down bone. Next Question OSTEOCLASTS

Inside the epiphyses of each long bone, mostly _______ can be found. Who is the strongest link? Yellow Marrow Cartilage Compact bone Spongy bone

Next Question Spongy Bone

1.Which bones do not belong to the axial skeleton? Who is the strongest link? Hip Bone SkullRibsVertebrae

Only the coccyx bone of pelvic region belongs with the axial skeleton. Next Question HIP BONES

1.How many bones are there total in the adult human body? Who is the strongest link?

Children have approx 450 cartilaginous bones that develop and fuse into 206 adult bones. Next Question 206

1.The medullary cavity in the diaphysis of an adult bone would contain _______. Who is the strongest link? Organic salts Blood vessels Spongy bone Compact bone

Explanation of Answer Goes Here Next Question BLOOD VESSELS

1.The part of the bone that articular cartilage covers directly is the ________. Who is the strongest link? EndosteumPeriosteumDiaphysisEpiphysis

Next Question EPIPHYSIS

The junction between the diaphysis and epiphysis in growing bone is called the Who is the strongest link? Epiphyseal plate EndosteumPeriosteumArticular plate

Contains dividing cells that cause bone elongation Next Question EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

1.The broad, flat bones of the skull are ____________. Who is the strongest link? CartilaginousEndochondralSpongyIntramembranous

Next Question INTRAMEMBRANOUS

How to play The Strongest Link 1.Divide the group up into two teams. Assign one group to be Team 1, the other will be Team 2. Have each team choose a spokesperson. 2.Begin the PowerPoint and introduce the characters. 3.Have the spokesperson from one team choose a question. 4.Click on that number. Read the question and allow the spokesperson to confer with teammates to come up with an answer. Have them state the answer orally, then click on the arrow button. 5.Read the answer displayed on the next slide. Click on the button to move back to the board. 6.If the answer given was correct, type the correct number of points in the score box. 7.Continue to play until all questions have been answered. The team with the most points wins. Let’s Play!

MUSCLES! Instructions

Team Score

1.Most of the bones of the body are ____________. Who is the strongest link? Spongy bone Intra membranousEndochondralCartilaginous

Explanation of the Answer Goes Here Next Question ENDOCHONDRAL

1.Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone? Who is the strongest link? RibHumerusClavicle Vertebrae

Next Question VERTEBRAE

1.Which bone cell works to rebuild bone tissue? Who is the strongest link? OsteonsOsteocytesOsteoclastsOsteoblasts

Osteoblasts lay down inorganic salts which help to form compact bone. Next Question Osteoblasts

1.In order to create movement, bones function as _______. Who is the strongest link? Fulcrums Pulleys MachinesLevers

Next Question LEVERS

1.Which component of the bone is responsible for creating blood cells? Who is the strongest link? Red Marrow Yellow Marrow Spongy Bone Compact Bone

Red marrow contains premature blood cells that can be stimulated to mature when more blood cells are needed. Next Question RED MARROW

A small bundle of muscle fibers Who is the strongest link? FasciaMyofibrilFascicleEpimysium

Next Question Fascicle

Network of connective tissue that extends throughout the muscular system Who is the strongest link? Endomysium PerimysiumEpimysium Sarcolemma

Connective tissue that covers the muscle and is continuous with fascia Next Question EPIMYSIUM

Layer of connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle Who is the strongest link? PerimysiumEndomysiumEpimysiumFascia

Next Question FASCIA

Layer of connective tissue that separates a muscle into small bundles called fascicles Who is the strongest link? PerimysiumEndomysiumEpimysiumSarcolemma

Next Question PERIMYSIUM

Cellular organelle in muscle fiber corresponding to the endoplasmic reticulum Who is the strongest link? SarcoplasmSarcolemmaSarcomereSarcoplasmic Reticulum

Next Question SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

How to play The Strongest Link 1.Divide the group up into two teams. Assign one group to be Team 1, the other will be Team 2. Have each team choose a spokesperson. 2.Begin the PowerPoint and introduce the characters. 3.Have the spokesperson from one team choose a question. 4.Click on that number. Read the question and allow the spokesperson to confer with teammates to come up with an answer. Have them state the answer orally, then click on the arrow button. 5.Read the answer displayed on the next slide. Click on the button to move back to the board. 6.If the answer given was correct, type the correct number of points in the score box. 7.Continue to play until all questions have been answered. The team with the most points wins. Let’s Play!