Designer methods

History of ‘methods’

Grammar Translation…  “not only helps a student learn a language but also makes them study literature of the community, so … −students learn about culture of people who talk that language.”  “… helps student develop good skills in … −reading and writing skills.”  “the really learn the important elements of a language of… −grammar and vocabulary”

Grammar Translation…  “lacks variety and students are likely to… −get bored easily”  “teacher is the only person in… class possessing −the authority”  “between students there is no… −interaction”  “the students experience a loss of… −motivation”  “language development in only… − vocabulary and grammar. Other aspects of language are simply ignored.”

Direct method  “emphasized skills in… −oral communication”  “more use of the language −spontaneously”  “developing the ability to −think in the target language”  “teaching grammar… −inductively”

Direct method  a) Never translate, but rather.. −demonstrate  b) Never explain, but rather… −act out  c) Never imitate mistakes, rather… −correct them  d) Never speak too much, make… −students speak more... Jack C. Richards, Thedore S. Rodgers 'Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching 2. ed)

Direct Method constraints  Budget: high cost per student  Efficiency: small classrooms/groups  Skills: teacher background.  Time: needs intensive exposure  Budget: high cost per student  Efficiency: small classrooms/groups  Skills: teacher background.  Time: needs intensive exposure

Audio-lingual  “..focus on making communication through a foreign language possible”  “immediate results… [but] failed to produce a long-term communicative ability”  “language patterns … taught through mimicry and memorization. Therefore learners were unable to use language creatively.”  “..focus on making communication through a foreign language possible”  “immediate results… [but] failed to produce a long-term communicative ability”  “language patterns … taught through mimicry and memorization. Therefore learners were unable to use language creatively.”

Which most sympathetic to EFL252?  Grammar translation method  Direct method  Audio lingual method

Meaning versus grammar

Analysis versus intuition

Think in L2 – translate

immediate versus long-term

tough versus gentle

frequent vs. infrequent

accuracy vs. fluency

Designer methods

Humanism  respecting the integrity of learners  allowing for personal growth and responsibility  taking psychological and affective factors into account  and representing “ whole person learning  discovery-learning

Humanism > Designer Methods  Total Physical Response  The Silent Way  Community Language Learning  The Natural Approach  Suggestopedia  Communicative Language Teaching

Handout  Theory of Language  Theory of Learning  Objectives  Syllabus  Activity Types  Learner Roles  Teacher roles  Roles of materials

Changing methods, changing roles MethodTeacher ’ s RolesLearner ’ s Roles Audio-lingualismLanguage Modeler Drill Leader Pattern Practicer Accuracy Enthusiast Total Physical ResponseCommander Action Monitor Follower Actor Silent WayObjective observer Guide Active personal growth Explorer Community Language Learning Counselor Paraphraser Collaborator Whole Person The Natural ApproachActor Realia User Guesser Sponge SuggestopediaAuto-hypnotist Authority Figure Relaxer True-Believer Communicative Language Teaching Needs Analyst Task Designer Improviser Negotiator MethodTeacher ’ s RolesLearner ’ s Roles Audio-lingualismLanguage Modeler Drill Leader Pattern Practicer Accuracy Enthusiast Total Physical ResponseCommander Action Monitor Follower Actor Silent WayObjective observer Guide Active personal growth Explorer Community Language Learning Counselor Paraphraser Collaborator Whole Person The Natural ApproachActor Realia User Guesser Sponge SuggestopediaAuto-hypnotist Authority Figure Relaxer True-Believer Communicative Language Teaching Needs Analyst Task Designer Improviser Negotiator

Pair work MethodPartners Audio-lingualism Total Physical Response Silent Way Community Language Learning The Natural Approach Suggestopedia Communicative Language Teaching