The Protestant Reformation Susan M. Pojer & Ms. Thompson

R. H. Bainton The Reformation of the 16 c Thus, the papacy emerged as something between an Italian city-state and European power, without forgetting at the same time the claim to be the vice- regent of Christ. The Pope often could not make up his mind whether he was the successor of Peter or of Caesar. Such vacillation had much to do with the rise and success of the Protestant Reformation.

Caricature of Pope Alexander VI by Martin Luther, 1545

Causes of the Reformation?  Church corruption  Concerned with worldly pleasures  Broken vows  Upset that they are funding Rome even if they don’t live near there  Conciliarism- movement that suggested a council should be in charge of the church rather than the Pope  Development of personal devotions  suspicion of clergy  Greed of secular leaders  1/3 of Europe  church land  Papal need for money  indulgences  Printing Press and the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages

The Spread of the Printing Press

The Holy Roman Empire in the 16 c Controlled by Habsburg Family (Hapsburg) The Holy Roman Empire in the 16 c Controlled by Habsburg Family (Hapsburg)

Early Calls for Reform The first calls for reform come from: –John Wycliffe- English professor who is anti- clergy –Jan Huss- calls for the need to reform the Church and is burned at the stake Later calls for reform come from: –Thomas More –Erasmus

Martin Luther Born November 1483 –Originally studied to be a lawyer –At 21, he becomes a monk Hard work, fasting, prayer Worked very hard –Upset by a trip to Rome –Particularly upset by the Church’s sale of indulgences Especially when those indulgences are sold in his own town (by John Tetzel)

Martin Luther Cont. Indulgences-released an individual from their sins, basically a pardon for them –Gave the impression that individuals could buy their way into heaven 95 Theses –“Disputation on the power and efficacy of indulgences” –Complaints about indulgences, their sale, & the conduct of the Catholic Church

Martin Luther Cont. Luther’s ideas were spread using the printing press Luther became known across the Holy Roman Empire and beyond He formally started the REFORMATION- a movement for religious reform, which led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope’s authority

Martin Luther’s Teachings Taught that: –The sale of indulgences should be stopped –People could gain forgiveness ONLY with salvation –The Church should align its teachings more closely with those of the Bible Some of the traditions of the Church were false –People are equal before God, so everyone can and should read the Bible for themselves

The Spread of Lutheranism

1520 Pope Leo X threatened Martin Luther with excommunication if he didn’t recant Leo excommunicated Luther Holy Roman Emperor Charles V –Summons Luther to Worms in 1521 –Puts him on trial for heresy –Declares him an outlaw and heretic Prince Frederick the Wise helps Luther Followers of Luther name themselves the Lutherans- Protestant Church (Christians who are not Catholic)

The Peasant Revolt

Protestant Princes vs. Charles V War breaks out in 1529 between the Protestant princes and Charles V Charles V and his forces win –However, he is so tired of the fighting which lasted from that he decides to allow the Princes to decide which religion their territory will be (Peace of Augsburg)

ENGLAND

Young Catherine of Aragon

Stained Glass Window of Catherine of Aragon

Henry VIII [r ]

Mary I Catholic

Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond: Illegitimate Son of Henry VIII

#1--Catherine of Aragon [ ] Catholic

Mary I Catholic

Henry VIII Wants a Son Henry VIII wants a legitimate male ruler –No woman had ever successfully held the English throne by herself Queen Catherine of Aragon cannot have any more kids He needs a new wife, but the Catholic Church would need to annul his marriage Pope refuses Henry VIII’s request as a favor to the Holy Roman Emperor who is Catherine’s nephew Henry VIII takes England out of the Catholic Church

A New Church for England The Pope threatened Henry VIII with Excommunication Henry VIII seizes Catholic Church lands Has Parliament pass a series of laws stating that the King or Queen of England is the head of a new Church –The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act Henry VIII as King is recognized as the supreme leader of the Church of England (Anglican Church) –Act of Supremacy Then Parliament quickly grants him an Annulment with the Act of Supremacy & quickly marries Anne Boleyn

#2--Anne Boleyn [ ] Anglican

Elizabeth I [1546] Anglican

Tower of London from the Air

#3--Jane Seymour [ ] Anglican

“Baby” Edward VI Anglican

#4--Anne of Cleves [ ] Protestant

#5--Katherine Howard [ ] Catholic

Hampton Court [Where Katherine Howard Was Arrested]

#6--Katherine Parr [ ] Anglican

Henry’s Deathbed

Edward VI [r ] Anglican

Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary” [r – 1558] Catholic

Philip II & Mary Tudor Catholic

Elizabeth I, Queen at last! r Anglican

Queen Elizabeth I [ ] Anglican

Zwingli- in Switzerland Very urban, cosmopolitan setting Zwingli also opposed: Purgatory, Clerical celibacy, Intercession of the saints, And salvation by works The death of Zwingli during religious fighting between Protestants & Catholics

John Calvin- Switzerland John Calvin’s leadership in Geneva from Stressed order and rigorous adherence to God’s law A “theocracy” Focus on self- discipline and the “Protestant Work Ethic” Predestination

John Knox Born in Edinburgh in Was a priest in the Catholic Church Was influenced by Calvin Preached in England for Edward VI then left when Mary I became Queen Founded Presbyterianism in Scotland Helped end Catholicism permanently in Scotland even deposing Mary Queen of Scots because she was Catholic

France & Religious Conflict King Francis I was initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his ideas stayed in the Holy Roman Empire Protestantism made illegal in France in 1534 Persecution of the Huguenots St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre lasting for 6+ months

Other Parts of Western Europe No Protestant inroads into Spain or Italy Protestantism succeeded only where it was urban and supported initially by the nobility After 1540, no new Protestant territories outside of the Netherlands Most powerful European nations were still Catholic: France, Spain, & Portugal Protestants were feuding with each other: targeting groups like the Anabaptists (too radical)

Catholic (Counter) Reformation The Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation (started by Martin Luther in the HRE) 1.The Society of Jesus (“Jesuits”)—1534 founded by Ignatius Loyola 1.Schools with well trained teachers 2.Convert non-Christians to Catholicism 3.Stop the spread of Protestantism

Council of Trent 2. Council of Trent ( )- meetings of bishops & cardinals -Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final -Christians need good works and faith for salvation -The Bible & Church tradition are both powerful authorities -Indulgences were a valid expression of faith, so they were still sold by the Church -Would stop in 1567 with Pope Pius V

Inquisition 3. Inquisition- designed to maintain and defend the integrity of the faith by prosecuting individuals accused of committing offences relating to heresy including: Protestantism, Sorcery, Immorality, Blasphemy, and Witchcraft, Possession of forbidden materials Would last through the early 17 th century

Index of Forbidden Books Written in 1559 Index Librorum Prohibitorum Editions were in effect until 1966 when it was abolished Encouraged book burning

Puritan Hugeunots Presbyterian