Virginia Baldwin Professor, Engineering Librarian University of Nebraska-Lincoln ASEE Louisville June 2010 Open Access Availability of Publications of Faculty in Three Engineering Disciplines

 MIT, University of Michigan, Georgia Tech, Ohio State, and University of Nebraska-Lincoln  Basis for inclusion ◦ Top 5 in terms of total amount of content in their Institutional Repositories, all fields, as established by the Registry of Open Access Repositories ( as of March 6, 2008http://roar.eprints.org ◦ All five had the three Engineering Departments

 Five most recent journal publications ◦ Identified by Web of Science ◦ Limited to the 5 institutions in the study ◦ Latest included were from the summer of 2008  Tenured or Tenure-Track Faculty  Departments represented ◦ Mechanical ◦ Civil and Environmental ◦ Chemical and Biomolecular

Univ. of Michigan (Deep Blue) Ohio State (Knowledge Bank) MIT (DSpace at MIT) Georgia Tech (SMARTech) Univ. of Nebraska- Lincoln (Digital Commons) 41,30029,37427,18622,60920,553 DSpaceDspaceDSpace Bepress

 The article was available in the IR of the author’s institution.  The article was available in the IR of the co- author’s institution or was deposited in a disciplinary open access repository.  The article was available by the author posting it on his/her Website or the Website of a research group or department at the author’s institution.

 The article was available by a co-author posting it on his/her Website or the Website of a research group or department at the co-author’s institution.  The article was available on PubMedCentral (PMC) and/or on some other government Web site (also other than that of a co-author).  The article was available directly from the publisher either because it was in an open access journal or some factor caused the article to be open access at the journal’s Web site.

 Open Access – Complete full text of an article or manuscript in some stage in the publication cycle can be downloaded from the Internet  Clifford Lynch – Open access is not about saving money, rather to “facilitate the growth and dissemination and use of knowledge and scholarship by removing barriers and friction.”  All title searching was done from outside the UNL IP range

Percentage of Open Access by Type for Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

Percentage of Open Access by Type for Civil and Environmental Engineering

Percentage of Open Access by Type for Mechanical Engineering

Department/Open Access Type Total Chemical Eng Civil Eng Mechanical Eng Total Percentage of Total 69%7%2%13%4%2%3%100%

Count of Open Access by Type and Discipline All Institutions Combined

 Types 1, 2, and 5, a total of 11%, all represent a form of archival deposition for the most part.  The total percentage of these types plus type 6, open access at the publisher’s Website, is 14%  Another 13% + 4% were posted by an author or co-author on their personal or on a departmental Web site

 What is the inclination of faculty in these departments to provide open access to their articles? ◦ Some articles cannot be open access due to publisher restrictions – a bigger problem in disciplines that use equations, tables, graphs, even Greek characters, etc. often provided separately in graphic format ◦ Choice by an author to provide open access to one article and not another ◦ Timing issues? ◦ Other?

Percent of Faculty with at Least One Open Access Article

JOURNALHITS# DEPTSSHERPA/PDF PHYSICAL REVIEW B 872 GREEN/YES SCIENCE 813 GREEN/NO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 781 GREEN/YES LANGMUIR (ACS) 713 WHITE/NO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (ACS) 641 WHITE/NO JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS 632 GREEN/YESr PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 622 GREEN/YES PNAS USA 623 GREEN/NO APPLIED PHYSICS LTRS 582 GREEN/YES WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 571 GREEN/YESr MACROMOLECULES 552 WHITE/NO NATURE 523 YELLOW/NO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 512 GREEN/YES JACS (ACS) 511 WHITE/NO

 Promoting (Google Scholar and ROAR usage)  Advising (Copyright restrictions)  Providing (Alternative suggestions)  Encouraging (Deposition – including “invisible college”)  Warning (Publisher restrictions)  Replicating (Such studies in other fields)