Unit 2 – The Cell and How it Works Part 3 The first PowerPoint and the Microscope PowerPoint should go before this! Put them all together to study for the test!

Where we are going with this:  So we know there are two different types of cells!  Prokaryotes we will get into in another chapter later in the year.  Eukaryotes (Eukaryotic Cells) are what we will focus on here  What is inside of them  How do they work!

Soooo…. What is in inside the eukaryotic cell?  Plasma Membrane  Nucleus  DNA  Ribosomes  Endomembrane System  Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)  Golgi Apparatus  Lysosomes  Vacuoles  Ribosomes  Mitochondria  Chloroplasts  Cytoskeletons

Now we will figure how they all work!

Plasma Membrane Structure  The key to knowing how the membrane works =  Regulates what goes in and out  The Phospholipid Bilayer  Phospholipids  You can call it the phospholipid sea and the proteins float like icebergs.

The Nucleus  It contains our genes (which are in our DNA)

Ribosomes Some things you should know about Ribosomes:  Site of protein synthesis  Made of 2 parts  Can be found in “cytosol” or on “rough ER”  Location determines function of proteins

Find the plasma membrane, the nucleus and the ribosomes. Name one thing about each!

Endomembrane System  Membrane organelles within the cytoplasm  Include:  Endoplasmic Reticulum  Golgi Apparatus  Lysosomes  Vacuoles

The Energy Converters  Chloroplasts (ONLY IN PLANTS)  Performs photosynthesis  Own DNA  Double Membrane  3 compartments  Mitochondria  Site of cellular respiration  Own DNA  Double Membrane  2 compartments  Also has cristae

Find the Endomembrane System, chloroplast and the mitochondria. Name one thing about each!

Cytoskeleton: Shape and movement  Network of fibers that extend throughout the cytoplasm  “Skeleton” and “muscle” of the cell  Includes  Microtubules  Microfilaments  Cilia & Flagella

Chemical Energy  Form of potential energy that comes from the arrangement of atoms  Carbs and fats have structures that make them especially rich in chemical energy.

ATP  Molecules of ATP generated by breakdown of organic molecules (carbs, fats and other fuels)  ATP then powers the cell’s work  ATP acts like an energy shuttle, storing energy obtained from food and then releasing it as needed.  Your cells continuously spend ATP. ATP

What is an Enzyme?  Living organisms contain a vast collection of chemicals.  Metabolism: ____________________________________________________  Metabolic reactions can’t occur without help!  They need the assistance of ENZYMES!  ___________________________________________  BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS  Each enzyme is specific.

How an Enzyme works:

Enzyme Inhibitors  Sometimes, certain molecules can prevent a metabolic reaction  How do they do this?  By binding to an enzyme and disrupting it’s function

Passive Transport  Is diffusion across a membrane  NO ENERGY  Goes from HIGH TO LOW….. Needs to be equal.  EQUILIBRIUM  Concentration Gradient

Other types of Passive Transport  Facilitated Diffusion: ___________________________________________  Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide  WATCH THIS VIDEO WATCH THIS VIDEO  Osmosis ONLY IN WATER!!!: ____________________________________  Hypertonic  Hypotonic  Isontonic

Osmosis Fresh water Salt water Fresh water fish salt water fish

Water Balance in Cells

Active Transport  Requires energy (uses ATP)  Uses transport proteins to pump against the concentration gradient.  Example: Sodium Potassium Pump  Other types are exocytosis and endocytosis for large molecules.