Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review Bio Keystone Module A Units 2&3

BIO.A.1.2 Describe relationships between structure and function at biological levels of organization. Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and multicellular organisms).

Levels of Organization Organelles  Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems  Organisms

The Cell Theory: – All organisms are made of cells. – All cells come from other cells. – The cell is the basic unit of structure & function in living things.

There are 2 cell types Eukaryotes Have nucleus (DNA/hereditary material) Have membrane-bound organelles Larger size because of organelles More complex Unicellular or multicellular Prokaryotes No nucleus (still have DNA/hereditary material) No membrane-bound organelles Smaller size because of lack of organelles Less complex Unicellular

All Cells Have Cytoplasm/Cytosol: chemical reactions DNA: Hereditary info Ribosomes: make protein Plasma Membrane: allows passage

Eukaryotes Have Membrane Bound Organelles Nucleus: brain Nucleolus: RNA/proteins Mitochondria: Cellular Respiration/ATP Endoplasmic Reticulum: Transport Golgi Body: Sort & Package Vacuole: water storage Cytoskeleton: shape Cilia &/or Flagella: Movement Plants Cell Wall: extra protection/cellulose Chloroplast: photosynthesis Animals Lysosomes: waste (digestive enzymes) Centrioles: Cell division

BIO.A.4.1 Identify and describe the cell structures involved in transport of materials into, out of, and throughout a cell. Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell. Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane (i.e., passive transport—diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion; and active transport—pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis). Describe how membrane-bound cellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell.

Cell Membranes/Plasma Membrane are composed of two phospholipid layers. The cell membrane has two major functions 1.Forms a boundary between inside and outside of the cell 2.Controls passage of materials in & out of cell (Maintaining homeostasis)

Phospholipid Bilayer Forms a double layer surrounding a cell Head is polar (attracted to water) and forms hydrogen bonds with water Tails are nonpolar (repelled by water)

Transport Using Organelles How does the rough ER work with the Golgi? Nucleus – Ribosome (RER) – Transport Vesicle – Golgi Body – Secretory Vesicle Vesicle: Small membrane-bound sacs that divide some materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials within the cell. Proteins (such as secretory & membrane proteins) made by ribosomes on the rough ER are packaged in vesicles and sent to the cell membrane or Golgi Apparatus. The Golgi Body processes & sorts the proteins, then packages them into vesicles for storage, transport, or secretion from the cell membrane.

Selective Permeability Allows some materials to cross the membrane but not all Enables cell to maintain homeostasis – Homeostasis: ability to maintain internal stable conditions Molecules can cross in a variety of ways Other terms: semipermeable & selectively permeable

Passive transport does not require energy (ATP) input from a cell. Molecules can move across the cell membrane through passive transport. Movement is determined by concentration gradient. Two types of passive transport (DOWN concentration gradient): – Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low concentration – Osmosis: diffusion of water from high to low concentration

Cell Membrane Dialysis Tubing – Diffusion Lab (moved without energy) WHY? Starch stays in bag – too big. Iodine goes through bag - small

Osmosis: How do different solutions affect cells? There are 3 types of solutions: 1.Isotonic: solution has the same concentration of solutes as the cell. Water moves in and out evenly Cell size stays constant

Osmosis: How do different solutions affect cells? 2.Hypertonic: solution has more solutes than a cell More water exits the cell than enters Cell shrivels or dies

Osmosis: How do different solutions affect cells? 3.Hypotonic: solution has fewer solutes than a cell More water enters the cell than exits Cell expands or bursts

Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the membrane – Ex: glucose (needed by cell to make energy) Facilitated diffusion is diffusion through transport proteins DOES NOT USE ENERGY Video 

Active Transport Drives molecules across a membrane from lower to higher concentration – Goes against the concentration gradient – Uses energy (ATP)

TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT Endocytosis: Brings materials into cell (Endo=into) Exocytosis: Releases materials out of cell (Exo=Exit)

Sodium-Potassium Pump Uses a membrane protein to pump three Na + (sodium ions) across the membrane in exchange for two K + (potassium ions) – ATP (energy) is needed to make the protein change its shape so that Na + and K + can move through it and cross the membrane Helps the heart contract, helps regulate blood pressure, allows neurons to respond to stimuli and send signals

Unit 3:BIO.A.3.1 & BIO.A.3.2 Identify and describe the cell structures involved in processing energy. Describe the fundamental roles of plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) and mitochondria in energy transformations. Identify and describe how organisms obtain and transform energy for their life processes. Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions.

4.1 How do living things get ATP? ATP is the energy carrier in living things – it is usable energy for the cell. ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphate. Living things get ATP from breaking down carbon based molecules. (carbohydrates & lipids) Starch molecule Glucose molecule

This is how it works phosphate removed

4.2 & 4.3 Photosynthesis The process of photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight and converts it into sugar (glucose). This process happens in organisms called autotrophs or producers. (Need to make their own food) This process takes place in and organelle called the chloroplast. The chloroplast has a green pigment in it called chlorophyll that is responsible for capturing the light energy.

So how does photosynthesis work? The first stage of photosynthesis is called the Light Dependent Stage. Light is captured by the chlorophyll in the thylakoid. The second stage of photosynthesis is called the Light Independent Stage/ Calvin Cycle/ Dark Cycle. This process takes place in the stroma.

The chemical formula for photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 (reactants) (products ) Carbon dioxide + water + light = Glucose (carb) + oxygen Carbon dioxide plus water plus light yieldsGlucose and oxygen

Purpose of Cellular Respiration To make ATP from the energy stored in glucose – Glucose comes from an organism doing photosynthesis themselves or from eating foods containing glucose – Remember: the purpose of photosynthesis was just to get glucose – Cellular respiration is aerobic – it requires oxygen

Equation for Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36ATP  Like the reverse of photosynthesis Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY Energy transfers: Photo: Light  CPE CR: CPE  CPE

What happens when there’s no/not enough oxygen or there are no mitochondria? Answer: Fermentation – Two Kinds: Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Allows glycolysis to continue making ATP without oxygen