Vision on Nuclear Power for the Future in Korea ATOM FOR PEACE Vision on Nuclear Power for the Future in Korea C-S KANG Professor Emeritus SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY September 16, 2008

Contents of Presentation Review of Energy Situations World Situation Korean Situation Vision on Nuclear Power towards the Future in Korea Near-Term Vision Long-Term Vision

World Primary Energy Demand World Energy Situations World Primary Energy Demand (Projected by IEA)

World Growth of Nuclear Power World Energy Situations World Growth of Nuclear Power (Projected by IAEA) Dark green – Low projection (20% Increase in 2030) Light green – High projection (100% increase in 2030) Source: 20/20 IAEA Vision for the Future (February 2008)

Expectations for Nuclear Developments in the World World Energy Situations Expectations for Nuclear Developments in the World Operating NP China and India Considering NP Source: IAEA Presentation in INSAG in Mumbai by Taniguchi, DDG (April 2007)

Energy Mix in Korea Trend Fossil Fuels: 82.5% Energy Situations in Korea Energy Mix in Korea Trend Year 1980 1990 2007 Oil 61.1% 53.8% 43.4% Coal 30.1% 26.2% 25.3% LNG 0% 3.2% 13.8% Nuclear 2.0% 14.2% 14.9% Others Hydro Fire woods, etc. 0.5% Fossil Fuels: 82.5%

Energy Imports in Korea Energy Situations in Korea Energy Imports in Korea As of 2007: 95 Billion US Dollars are spent for energy import, which is 26.6% of total national import. => Dominates the national trade deficit. 96.7% of energy required was imported from foreign countries. => Energy supply structure is extremely fragile.

Electricity Generation in Korea Energy Situations in Korea Electricity Generation in Korea Installed Capacity (end of 2007) Electricity Generated (2007)

Concerns on Energy Situations Energy Situations in Korea Concerns on Energy Situations Unstable Oil Price: $89(1/2)=>$100(3/14)=>$129(5/22)=>$100-150(??) CO2 Emission: 83.4% from energy sector (fossil fuels)

Conclusions on Energy Situations in Korea ATOM FOR PEACE Oil: Pernicious effects on national energy security due to unstable oil price. Coal: Global warming problems due to high CO2 emission. Additional environmental costs are anticipated to comply with the UN Climate Convention. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG): No more extra supply allowances in the world sufficient enough to replace oil and coal. The price change is expected in connection with oil price hike. Renewables: Not economical due to low efficiency. Since they are unreliable and unstable in supply mechanism, duplicate investments are needed for backup to assure the stable supply. Demand Side Management (DSM): Inefficient contrary to huge industrial investment needs. Its effects appear delayed, and there exist bounding limits in its final achievement. Nuclear: Only viable alternative solution for low carbon economy in replacing fossil fuels and overcoming the concerns on CO2 emission and unstable oil price.

Additional Nuclear Power Proposed for the Period of 2017-2030 Energy Situations in Korea Additional Nuclear Power Proposed for the Period of 2017-2030 ATOM FOR PEACE Projection 1 LNG Coal Nuclear # of new units 3 16 9 Installed capacity (%) 17.8 34.8 37.0 Generation capacity (%) 1.8 36.5 55.7 Projection 2 LNG Coal Nuclear # of new units 3 12 Installed capacity (%) 17.8 31.0 40.9 Generation capacity (%) 1.7 32.0 60.4

Nuclear Power: Current Status Energy Situations in Korea Nuclear Power: Current Status 20 units in operation as of today 16 PWRs 4 PHWRs at Wolsong 28 units in operation by 2016 6 units under construction 4 OPR1000 2 APR1400 2 units under preparation for construction 38 units in operation by 2030 10 additional units of APR1400 planned in 2017 thru 2030 59% generation capacity Seoul Ulchin Wolsong Under Construction In Operation Preparation for Construction OPR1000 APR1400 Yonggwang Kori

Overall Nuclear Power Programs in Korea Energy Situations in Korea Overall Nuclear Power Programs in Korea PWR (14 units) 6-Westinghouse 2-CE 2-FRAMATOME 4-KSNP PHWR (4 units) 4-CANDU(AECL) OPR1000 (1,000 MWe) 2 in operation (2006) 4 under construction (2011) APR1400(1450 MWe) 4 under const. & negotiation (2016) 10 in planning (2017- 2030) SMART (330 MWt) Under develop. VHTR Hydrogen (300 MWt) Production SFR. Sustainable Development

Reactor Transition Scenario - KAERI Study Assumptions: Total electricity generation growth rate 2006~2020 : Planned 2021~2050 : 0.9%/year 2051~2100 : Reduced to 0%/year in 2100 Nuclear share of 43.4% after 2020 51.1 GWe 34.8 GWe Advanced PWR PWR SFR PHWR

Nuclear Visions for the Future ATOM FOR PEACE Near-Term: Vision 1: Explore the Extensive Utilization of Nuclear Power APR1400 for large-scale electricity generation SMART for multi-purpose application Vision 2: Formulate the Effective Strategy to Export the Nuclear Power Technology Reduction of unit construction cost (APR1400) Formation of “Extended Nuclear Vendor” Long-Term: Vision 3: Establish the Long-Term National Energy Policy Using Nuclear Electricity generation: APR1400 Hydrogen production: VHTR (expeditious development needed) Vision 4: Develop the Fast Reactor Technology for Ultimate Sustainability Future Reactor: SFR (Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor) Fuel cycle technology: Pyroprocessing

“Explore the Extensive Utilization of Vision 1 Vision 1: “Explore the Extensive Utilization of Nuclear Power” ATOM FOR PEACE 1-1 Increase the nuclear power mix in electricity generation (APR1400): Raise from 35.5%(2007) to 80% as soon as possible. Reduce the oil dependency using electricity in transportation systems: hybrid car electric car 1-2 Diversify the application of nuclear power in other fields beyond electricity generation (SMART): District heating Sea-water desalination Ship propulsion, etc. *The Government recently allocated 800M$ for design certification process.

APR1400 (Advanced Power Reactor) Vision 1 APR1400 (Advanced Power Reactor) Large-Scale Electricity Generation Stable Operation - POSRVs Improved Maintainability - Integrated Head Assembly Improved SG Integrity - Inconel 690 Tubes - Reduced Hot-Leg Temperature - Increased Tube Plugging Margin Increased Safety Margin Enhanced Transient Response - Increased PZR Volume High Reliability and Better Performance - DVI - IRWST - Fluidic Device in SIT Severe Accident Mitigation - ERVCS Reactor: 2-loop Advanced PWR (2 S/Gs, 4 RCPs) Power: 4,000 MWt (1,450 MWe) Design Certification: May 7, 2002 Commercial Operation: Shin-Kori 3 & 4 in 2012 & 2013

SMART (System-Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor) Vision 1 SMART (System-Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor) Multi-Purpose Utilization System Concept SMART Power : 330 MWt Desalination : MED Water Production : 40,000 t/day Electricity Production - Thermal Efficiency :  30% - Power :  90 MWe SMART Steam Desalination Electricity Fresh Water Grid seawater Sea-water Desalination Supply of water and electricity to the area of 10,000 population or corresponding industrial complex

Vision 2: Vision 2 “Formulate the Effective Strategy to Export Nuclear Power Technology” ATOM FOR PEACE 2-1 Improve the economics: Improve the unit construction cost ($/kWe) Reduce the construction schedule (IDC=30%) Utilize integrated module concept 2-2 Form an ‘Extended Nuclear Vendor’: Establish the EPC system plus follow-up operational services for full customer service Consolidate the efforts for successful overseas marketing => Privatization of vendor

Integrated Module Using SC Structure Vision 2 Integrated Module Using SC Structure Concept of Integrated Module Integration of: SC structure wall piping supports cable trays ducts Concept of SC Structure (Concrete Filled Steel Structure) Steel structure instead of reinforced concrete No formwork

Comparison of Construction Concepts Vision 2 Comparison of Construction Concepts conventional rebar and formwork installation concrete pour formwork removal piping & equip. installation 모듈(공장제작) equipment installation module placement modularized integrated module shop-fabrication concrete pour

Modularization of Auxiliary Building Vision 2 Modularization of Auxiliary Building - Auxiliary Building chosen due to its high complexity. - Barge-transportation of large modules on the ocean, & transporter/trailer on the ground. - Module sizes: 20-40 m - Module weights: 400-600 t - New approaches in engineering, procurement, installation & construction. - Marine and shipbuilding experiences used.

Construction Schedule Reduction APR1400 (54M → 36M) Vision 2 Construction Schedule Reduction APR1400 (54M → 36M) FC Set R/V Energ. CHT HFT FL CO (54 M) (20M) (9M) (10M) (4M) (4M) (7M) FC Set R/V Energ. CHT HFT FL CO (36 M) (12M) (6M) (3M) (4M) (4M) (7M) FC: first concrete R/V: reactor vessel CHT: cold hydro test HFT: hot functional test FL: fuel loading CO: commercial operation

Extended Nuclear Vendor Vision 2 Extended Nuclear Vendor Integration of activities in: KHNP: project management KOPEC: architect engineering, NSSS design DOOSAN: component design, equipment manufacturing and installation KNFC: fuel supply KPS: maintenance and repair, operational services

“Establish the Long-Term National Energy Policy Using Nuclear” Vision 3 Vision 3: “Establish the Long-Term National Energy Policy Using Nuclear” ATOM FOR PEACE 3-1 Increase the use electricity and hydrogen to reduce the dependence of fossil fuels: most convenient forms of energy environmentally friendly unlimited resources 3-2 Employ the mass production of electricity and hydrogen using nuclear power: For electricity generation, APR1400: already under construction For hydrogen production, VHTR: under development thru GIF for thermo-chemical SI process

Proposed Long-Term National Energy Supply Scheme Vision 3 Proposed Long-Term National Energy Supply Scheme production delivery consumption hydrogen: VHTR liquefaction hydrogen car cooking heating electricity: APR1400 superconductor electric car home appliances production: mass production using nuclear hydrogen: VHTR + Thermo-chemical SI process electricity: APR1400 delivery: delivery from production sites to consumers hydrogen: pipeline transport using liquefied form electricity: transmission using superconductor consumption: various consumers hydrogen: fuel for H2 car, cooking, heating and cooling electricity: electricity for electric car, home appliances

VHTR (Very High Temperature Reactor) Vision 3 VHTR (Very High Temperature Reactor) Large-Scale H2 Production H2 Thermo-Chemical IS Process Hydrogen VHTR

Vision 4 Vision 4: “Develop the Fast Reactor Technology for Ultimate Sustainability of Nuclear Energy” ATOM FOR PEACE 4-1 Actively participate in GIF for the development of SFR technology: Maximum Utilization of U Resources Minimal Waste Formation Improved Economy Enhanced Safety 4-2 Develop related fuel cycle technology (Pyroprocessing): Proliferation Resistance

Nuclear Power: SF Storage Capacity Vision 4 Nuclear Power: SF Storage Capacity PWR Spent Fuels: On-site SF storage (pool) capacity will reach the limit by 2016 using densed racks. Construction of independent interim SF storage facility is under discussion. PHWR Used Fuels: On-site dry (concrete silo) storage will reach the capacity limit by 2017. Expansion of on-site dry storage will continue prior to final decision for disposal. On-Site Storage Capacity NPP Sites Storage Capacity (MTU) Year of Saturation Densed rack Kori 2,253 2016 Yonggwang 3,528 2021 Ulchin 2,326 2018 Concrete silo Wolsong 9,155 2017 Total 17,262

Spent Fuel Inventories - KAERI Study Cumulative PWR spent fuel Vision 4 Spent Fuel Inventories - KAERI Study 69 PWR - OTC SFR 0.1 Cumulative PWR spent fuel

Proposed Back-End Fuel Cycle Strategy Vision 4 Proposed Back-End Fuel Cycle Strategy Waste Volume : Reduction to 1/20 U Recovery HLW Disposal Requirement : Reduction to 1/100 Cs, Sr Separation Radioactive Toxicity : Less than 1/1,000 TRU, Tc, I Recovery and Burning Uranium Utilization : More than 100 times Fuel Breeding Spent Fuel HLW Disposal Pyroprocessing SFR U-TRU-Zr Fuel Interim Storage PWR CANDU Used Fuel ? *TRU (Transuranics): Pu + MA *MA (Minor Actinides): Np, Am, Cm TRU Cs, Sr U Long-Term Storage Process Loss Fission Products LLW Disposal

SFR (Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor) Vision 4 SFR (Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor) Technology for Sustainable Development PDRC SG

SFR: R&D Activities Vision 4 Advanced Concept Design Studies Core design Heat transport system design Mechanical structure design Advanced Concept Design Studies PDRC SG PDRC experiment Na-CO2 chemical reaction test S-CO2 Brayton cycle system development Metal fuel development Development of Advanced Technologies System analysis code development Sodium technology development Development of Basic Technologies

Technology for Proliferation-Resistance Vision 4 Pyroprocessing Technology Technology for Proliferation-Resistance

Pyroprocessing: R&D Activities Vision 4 Issues: Increased throughput Simple and easy operation mode Reduction of waste products volume R&D Activities: Graphite cathode employment to recover U in electrorefining system Crystallization method application to recover pure salt from waste mixture

SFR & Pyroprocessing Technology: Draft Action Plan for Development Prepared by MEST in December 2007. Presented to the Public Hearing on September 9 for finalization of the Plan. ‘08 ’11 ’15 ’20 ’26 ’28 Gen IV SFR Advanced Design Concept System Performance Test Standard Design Detailed Design Demo Plant Licensing Technology Development Fuel Irradiation Test Pyro-processing Mock-up Pyro Facility (Nat. U) 10t/yr Eng.-scale Pyro Facility (Hotcell) 10t/yr Prototype Pyro Facility 100t/yr Prototype Pyro Facility Operation

Summary: Nuclear Visions in Korea ATOM FOR PEACE 1. Increase of nuclear utilization Electricity generation up to 80% using APR1400: electricity used for transportation systems: hybrid car, electric car Multi-purpose application of nuclear using SMART: sea-water desalination, district heating, ship propulsion, etc. 2. Formulation of strategy for export drive of nuclear technology Reduction of unit construction cost using integrated module concept Formation of a private firm, extended nuclear vendor for full customer service 3. Establishment of long-term national energy supply plan using nuclear to produce electricity and hydrogen, and reduce the oil and LNG dependency Electricity generation with APR1400 Hydrogen Production with VHTR 4. Development of fast reactor technology for ultimate sustainability Minimization of wastes and maximum utilization of U resources with proliferation-resistance

ATOM FOR PEACE Thank you very much!