AP History/SOL Review IV Absolutism, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Revolutions (American, English, French), Napoleon, Congress of Vienna, Cultural Revolution

1. What was absolutism? Hereditary ruler had centralized power

2. On what was absolutism based? Divine right—ruler is selected by God

3. Who were the absolute monarchs, and what effect did they have on their countries? Louis XIV—France, built the Palace of Versailles as a symbol of royal power, known as the “Sun King”; put country in debt Frederick the Great—Prussia; emphasis on military power Peter the Great—Russia; westernized (modernized) Russia

4. What was the Scientific Revolution? Am emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature

5. What were some new scientific theories and discoveries? Nicolaus Copernicus—developed heliocentric theory Galileo Galilei—used telescope to support heliocentric theory William Harvey—discovered circulation of blood Johannes Kepler—discovered planetary motion Isaac Newton—discovered laws of gravity

6. What were some effects of the new discoveries? Formulation of the scientific method Expansion of scientific knowledge

7. What were the sides in the English Civil War? Roundheads (Puritans) Cavaliers (Charles I’s followers) Cavaliers Roundheads

8. Who was Oliver Cromwell? How did he rule? Led the Roundheads to victory and had Charles I executed Became military dictator Oliver Cromwell

9. What was the “restoration”? When Charles II became king Invited back after Cromwell’s harsh rule I’m the Merry Monarch! Let’s dance!

10. What political parties developed in England? Tories and Whigs disagreed on who should be the next king Who will my successor be? James II

11. What was the Glorious Revolution? William and Mary replaced James II and agreed to rule jointly with Parliament We get to rule, but we had to sign the English Bill of Rights

12. What document increased parliamentary power over royal power? English Bill of Rights of 1689

13. What was the Enlightenment? Age of reason Applied reason to the human world, not just the natural world

14. Who were some Enlightenment thinkers, and what were their ideas? Hobbes’ Leviathan—state must have central authority to manage behavior since people are wicked and misbehave Locke’s Two Treatises on Government—people are sovereign; monarchs are not chosen by God (right to life, liberty, property) Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws—The best form of government includes a separation of powers Rousseau’s The Social Contract—government is a contract between the rulers and the people Voltaire—religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state

15. How did philosophers of the Enlightenment influence thinking on political issues? Stimulated religious tolerance Fueled democratic revolutions in America, France, Haiti and South America Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Enlightenment ideas The Constitution of the USA and Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas

16. How did the Enlightenment promote revolution in the American colonies? Natural rights (John Locke) were taken away by the British (taxation without representation, etc.) Colonists felt that it was their duty to rebel and create a new government

17. How did the ideas of the Enlightenment help cause the French Revolution? Natural rights of third estate were not protected by the monarch

18. How did the French and American Revolutions influence Latin American independence movements? They served as a model and inspiration for them Toussaint L’ouverture —freed Haiti from the French Simon Bolivar — freed much of South America from the Spanish L’ouvertureBolivar

19. What were the causes of the French Revolution? Influence of Enlightenment ideas success of the American Revolution

20. What were some events of the French Revolution? Storming of the Bastille Reign of Terror

21. What were some outcomes of the French Revolution? End of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI Rise of Napoleon

22. What were 2 legacies of Napoleon? Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination— awakened feelings of nationalism Napoleonic Code— comprehensive set of laws, based on the Enlightenment

23. What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna? Led by Metternich “balance of power” doctrine Restoration of monarchies— return of the kings New political map of Europe—redraw map of Europe to reflect pre- Napoleon times New political philosophies Klemens von Metternich

24. What is the “Balance of Power doctrine”? small countries form alliances to prevent aggression of larger nations

25. What were two political philosophies represented at the Congress of Vienna? Liberalism—want elected parliaments and individual rights Conservatism—wanted to restore monarchies Conservative Liberal

26. How did nationalism and democracy influence national revolutions? Nationalism inspired people to overthrow rulers who were not like them Democracy inspired people to rebel against governments that deprived the people of their natural rights DEMOCRACYNATIONALISM REVOLUTION

27. What is nationalism? Pride in your homeland Desire to be ruled by people of your rose after the Congress of Vienna

28. What was the result of the Congress of Vienna? Led to widespread discontent in Europe Unsuccessful revolutions of 1848 increased nationalistic tensions

29. How did Great Britain differ from Continental Europe after the Congress of Vienna? Great Britain –expanded political rights through legislative means –made slavery illegal

30. Who were some artists, philosophers, and writers in the Enlightenment? Bach—composer of Baroque music Mozart—composer of classical music Miguel de Cervantes—wrote one of first novels, Don Quixote Paintings depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits) New forms of literature evolved—the novel

31. What improved technologies and institutions were important to European economies? All weather roads improved year-round transport and trade New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution) Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transportation Seed Drill