Chapter 1 Section 3 Why are different places similar?

Similarity of Different Places Scale: From local to global – Globalization of economy – Globalization of culture Space: Distribution of features – Distribution – Gender and ethnic diversity in space Connections between places – Spatial interaction – Diffusion

Local vs. Global All places are unique in some ways and similar to other places in other ways. Local means closeby and is referring to a smaller area. Global means worldwide.

Globalization This is when something becomes worldwide in scope. It means that that people from all over are exposed to the same thing. Trade, exploration, communication, and interaction have led to this. Better communication and transportation have sped it up.

Globalization Trade is an especially good example Countries trade with other countries Transnational corporations reach different nations- they conduct research, operate factories, and sell products in many countries, binding them together Economic interdependence has resulted- nations rely on one another for certain goods and services

Globalization This has increased some differences or unequal reliance between the haves and have nots of the world MDCs- More developed countries have an edge LDCs- Less developed countries tend to get the short end of the stick

Globalization Culture is also spread from one place to another through interactions This is called cultural diffusion A lot of this stems from the consumption of similar goods (the globalization of economies) McDonald’s, Nikes, Coca Cola- these are brands sold everywhere Television, internet, and radio spread ideas too

Globalization The globalization of communications has really lent to a global cultural community Some people really like it Some people really don’t like it- they want more local diversity

Globalization The al-Qaeda attacks on America are an example of opposition to globalization Many view the US as a juggernaut of culture Tension does result from globalization Many oppose it

Globalization of the Economy Fig. 1-17: The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional headquarters and other facilities in North America and Western Europe.

Space- Distribution of Features Spatial distribution looks at where stuff or people or activities are located Geographers study space- historians study time- to organize their field of study (Immanuel Kant) Geographers look at spatial distribution

Space- Distribution of Features Distribution is where things are located and how they are arranged Three main properties describe distribution: – Density – Concentration – Pattern

Quick Write- YAH!!! When considering population distribution, why are density and concentration important factors to consider? (Define each and respond to the question!)

Distribution Density This is the frequency with which something occurs in space Arithmetic density looks at the total number of objects in an area (like population) Physiological density is the number of people per unit of arable land Agricultural density is the number of farmers per unit of arable land

Distribution: Density, Concentration, & Pattern Fig. 1-18: The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example) may vary in an area or landscape.

Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952 & 2007 Fig. 1-19: The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between density and concentration.

U.S. Baseball Teams, 1952 Fig. 1-19: Baseball teams were highly concentrated in the Northeast and Midwest in 1952.

U.S. Baseball Teams, 2007 Fig. 1-19: By 2007, U.S. baseball teams were much more dispersed than in 1952, and their number and density at a national level had increased.

Concentration The extent of a feature’s spread over space If the objects are close together then they are clustered If the objects are far apart then they are dispersed

Pattern A pattern is a geometric arrangement of objects in space or on earth Are they organized in a linear fashion? Square? Rectangular? Circular? Parallel? Intersecting? The smiley face pipe bomber from 2002 (aka Midwest Pipe Bomber). Luke Helder (college kid) planned to rig and explode pipe bombs around the nation (via postal service and mailboxes) to form a smiley face from an aerial view- political/social protest. Some were injured (~6), not all were set to detonate

Luke Helder’s “Bad Trip” 0,9171,237036,00.html

Gender and Ethnic Diversity Diversity is differences Patterns often vary in human geography according to gender or ethnic diversity Men and women tend to have different gender roles throughout human history It determines where they live and go and work Ethnicity often plays a role in determining where someone lives

Connections Between Places Communication and transportation have made the world “smaller” You can communicate with someone almost instantly today You can travel across the world faster than ever before As a result, we are more connected

Time-Space Convergence AKA Space-Time Compression This is the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place- idea, person, living matter, or thing It has been getting smaller and smaller throughout human history as communication and transportation get better (Harry Potter’s world is even more advanced!)

Space-Time Compression, Fig. 1-20: The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.

Spatial Interaction In the past it was pretty much physical, but today interaction is still physical (just more efficient and often faster) and untangible in many cases (by networks, satellites, etc…) Interaction has increased as time-space convergence advances

Spatial Interaction Nevertheless, contact still tends to decrease with increasing distance This is called distance decay When something decays it disappears/rots/goes away/etc…

Why are different places similar? Globalization Time-space convergence Better communication and transportation Trade Culture Entertainment Diffusion

Airline Route Networks Fig. 1-21: Continental Airlines, like many others, has configured its route network in a “hub and spoke” system.

Diffusion Diffusion is the process by which something spreads across space from one place to another over time It has been speeding up as communication and transportation get better and trade increases The place where the idea/item originates is called the hearth (node)

Quick Write- YAH!!!! Why is diffusion the driving force of globalization? Define the two main types of diffusion and how they contribute.

Diffusion Relocation diffusion is the spread of something with the physical movement of people (immigration or emigration) They carry ideas/culture/items/themselves with them

Diffusion Expansion diffusion is the spread of something from one place to another in a snowballing process It can result from one of the following three processes: – Hierarchical diffusion – Contagious diffusion – Stimulus diffusion

Diffusion Hierarchical diffusion is the spread of an idea or something from persons of authority or power to other people under them This can be from a king to his subjects, a Congressman to his constituents, an urban area to a rural surrounding area, etc…

Diffusion Contagious diffusion is the spread of something rapidly among many people It is like the spread of an epidemic or disease that is highly contagious The spread of the flu is like this

AIDS Diffusion in the US, Fig. 1-22: New AIDS cases were concentrated in three nodes in They spread through the country in the 1980s, but declined in the original nodes in the late 1990s.

New AIDS Cases, 1981 (per 100,000 population)

New AIDS Cases, 1993 (per 100,000 population)

New AIDS Cases, 2002 (per 100,000 population)

Cumulative AIDS Cases,

The AIDS Memorial Quilt

Diffusion Stimulus diffusion is the spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse So this is where something begins to diffuse because its carrier diffused, but even after the carrier dies off it continues to diffuse

Diffusion Your book gives the example of the fall off of Apple in the 1990s but the continued use of its innovations from the 1980s during the 90s by other companies Like the use of the mouse to point and select items

Diffusion of Culture and Economy Culture spreads particularly with such advanced communication and so many people traveling and transportation so much improved and fast! The economy also spreads ideas and resources This has led to uneven development between MDCs and LDCs MDCs have a big advantage over LDCs They often start diffusion and somewhat control it

Big Mac Geography

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ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM